Ap Psych Free Response Essay

As the Smith-Garcias are planning for their baby, they have to decide which principles from each of the theories they have researched that they will practice. The first of these theories is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning in which an element of reinforcement and punishment is utilized to shape the child’s social and behavioral skills. It will be the parent’s job to reinforce wanted behavior and punish unwanted behavior. For example, if the child throws a temper tantrum, her parents might put her in time out to show that this type of behavior is not acceptable. The punishment therefore reinforces that if she acts this way again, she knows she will be placed in time out. Essentially the child learns from these reinforcements and punishments. The second principle is Bandura’s social learning theory which deals with vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment. Essentially the child will learn by observing others and is not affected directly. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning which explains why his theory is rooted in the idea of observation. Overall There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory. First is the idea that people can learn through observation. Next is the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior. To illustrate Bandura’s theory in their parenting style, the Smith-Garcia’s might provide a model for sharing or even increase sharing through vicarious reinforcement. The third theory they have studied is Ainsworth’s attachment research in which he addresses the idea of secure attachment, insecure attachment, and other such ideals. The idea is that securely attached children are more likely to perceive their primary caregiver as a secure base. This is illustrated in the fact that once this child is born, she will feel an emotional security and attachment to her parents who are her primary caregiver. She will feel most comfortable around them. An example of this would be if they were to promote secure attachment to increase self reliance. These behaviors may include nurturing, support, encouragement, and many more. The fourth and final theory they will address and practice is Baumrind’s research on parenting styles. In Baumrind’s research, he

Explain Why the Boycott of Jewish Businesses Took Place in April 1933

Explain why the boycott of Jewish businesses took place in April 1933. [12 marks] In April 1933, only 1 week after the Enabling Act was passed, a boycott against Jewish businesses took place, which targeted mainly Jewish shops and businesses but also Jewish professionals such as doctors and lawyers. There are many reasons as to why this event took place. The most important reason, in my opinion was to introduce explicit anti-Semitic propaganda. When it was decided that the boycott would take place, Gobbels organised an intensive propaganda campaign to maximise the impact of the boycott.The boycott made a big public impact and featured prominently in the news. Gobbels made it clear that the boycott was an act of anti-Semitic violence as he had the Star of David painted largely on the windows of all Jewish businesses and had signs put up saying ‘Don’t buy from Jews’ or ‘Jews are our misfortune’. While some Germans weren’t too bothered about the b oycott, others disapproved. This leads to the next reason the boycott took place. Now that Hitler had the power to do as he pleased, he needed to see how German citizens would react to his extreme anti-Semitic views.The SA stood outside of Jewish shops in order to intimidate people into not going in to the shop. As mentioned earlier, some Germans weren’t too bothered about the boycott. Most of these Germans where owners of small businesses that were afraid that large Jewish chain businesses would eventually put them out of business. This boycott meant that their businesses would be saved. Others, on the other hand, thought the boycott was terrible that it was the work of extremists and that Hitler was sure to put a stop to it soon. Some went purposely went into Jewish shops and Jewish shops only to show their disapproval of Nazi policies.But, whether they were for or against the boycott, it was agreed everywhere that the boycott showed the unleashing of Nazi violence by an ag gressive new dictatorship. The main purpose of the boycott of Jewish businesses was to get German people to start to act and think anti-Semitic. Although the reaction to the boycott was varied, it could be said that they boycott did exactly what it was meant to do; turn normal German citizens against the German Jews. For example, one month after the boycott of Jewish businesses, the Burning of the Books took place. Gobbels announced, â€Å"the Age of Jewish materialism is ended! He then started a fire and, along with gangs of SA men, started to throw in book that were written by Jews. A crowd of some 40,000 people gathered at the scene. This suggests that the boycott ‘eased’ German citizens into the anti-Semitic atrocities that were yet to come. In conclusion, the boycott of Jewish businesses could be both – a success and a failure. It was a failure because the Nazi party only portrayed themselves as a violent dictatorship. But, it was a success because it got G erman citizens thinking and acting anti-Semitic like the Nazis and prepared them for what was to come.

Lead and human exposure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lead and human exposure - Research Paper Example Studies show that humans that are exposed to lead for longer times have hair loss problems, elevated blood pressure, weight problems, and other health problems. Natural disasters such as hurricanes, earth quakes, floods and heavy rains are a reason for spreading the poisonous chemicals. In this way, the industrial chemicals reach homes and penetrate into the bodies of the men, women and children that have low or no exposure to lead. After hurricane Katrina, lead was found in homes and agricultural fields that presented a health hazard and exposed the humans to lead. The fumes and the floods became the major reasons for exposing the lead from the factories to homes. On the other hand, the onshore lead utilized in making some types of chemicals in ships reached the fields and homes. A sample of sediment and soil from New Orleans is checked for lead and a heavy amount of lead was found in the sample (Rabito et al, 2012). The Environmental Protection Agency planned a renovation strategy that would limit the impacts of the lead. However, a report presented that the families that are planning to return to New Orleans must have to face high health hazards due to the presence of lead in the city. However, no survey was conducted by the government and environmental agency to estimate the amount of lead present in residential units (Rabito et al, 2012). ... On the other hand, air and soil contaminations are only restricted through proper control and neutralization tactics (Rabito et al, 2012). The tests show the most amount of lead is found in the soil sample near the industrial areas particularly the industries that are involved in the recycling and production of lead based products. On the other hand, the coastal regions have more exposure as compared to the regions at higher sea levels (Rabito et al, 2012). It was considered that the heavy metal might have contaminated the fresh water resources presenting a constant danger to the environment and the habitat of the regions. Lead exposure may also lead to an elevated blood pressure in children if the lead is exposed to the people and the pregnant women that may become a cause of the heart diseases in children (Whelan et al, 1997). The important perspective is that the exposure to the lead may be a reason for the colic and paralysis as described by the old Greek physicians. Old bridges have a coat of lead based paint that prevents rust from penetrating. On the other hand, it is equally harmful for the fish and other marine animal and plant species (Fan et al, 2012). Lead is capable of contaminating all the sources that reach humans like soil, water and air. On the contrary, the exposure does not only require the person to inhale or intake the substance, touching the element or in-taking its smoke may be more dangerous. Before the hurricane, the amount of lead in the soil was decreasing gradually at a higher pace due to the regulations imposed on the utilization of lead based products and generation of other alternate products. On the other hand, as lead is considered a heavier metal

Management Functions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Functions - Case Study Example Case Study Management functions can be stated as a set of core and most essential elements for various organizations that not only enable them to achieve their desired business goals but also facilitate in building long-term sustainability in the competitive environment. The set of an effective management functions comprises four fundamental elements that include controlling, planning, organizing along with leading (Rutter, 2003). With reference to the major attributes of management functions, this paper intends to present a series of recommendations to Amanda Smith (Amanda) in response to the concerns identified from the case. Brief Overview of the Case Amanda Smith (Amanda) had started a new small sized accounting firm named â€Å"Smith's Accounting and Tax Service† after she got six years of experience through working in a renowned accounting firm. As the intention of Amanda is to conduct own business within the community, she opened her accounting firm by engaging one empl oyee named Lisa. At the starting face of the business, Amanda has developed a mission statement along with a strategy for her business. The mission statement of Smith’s Accounting and Tax Service was to ensure the deliverance of adequate accounting and tax services to the small business owners within community. However, the organization has faced certain challenges due to its inappropriate management and control process. Owing to this context, it has been recognized that lack of planning can be considered as one of the major factors that led the firm to face different concerns related to its accounting services. The ineffective management of operational processes such as maintaining records of the tax returns for such a small accounting firm can also be viewed to generate greater risks. The issue concerning employment layoff has also been witnessed in the case due to certain errors in the accounting work prepared by the employees of the firm. Recommendations to Amanda in Resp onse to the above identified Concerns In relation to the fundamental concept of management, there are basically four functions that ensure to provide adequate support to the organizations in efficiently obtaining their predetermined business targets. In this regard, an effective set of management functions comprise four major and most essential elements such as controlling, planning, organizing along with leading that supports the organizations to sustain in this competitive landscape (Morgeson, DeRue, & Karam, 2010). According to the case scenario, the inappropriate planning of conducting operational procedures along with incorrect setting of organizational goals have eventually contributed in creating problems for Amanda and her firm. In relation to the case of Amanda, inappropriate execution of the organizing functions including personnel management can be duly considered as the major aspect hindering to generate positive outcomes for her company by a certain degree. Moreover, it can be stated that the inadequate organizing process of the firm has further witnessed to prioritize the importance of recruitment, job design and descriptions along with delivering proper training to the staffs. It can also be apparently observed that lack of motivational skills has also negatively impact on the overall performance of Amanda and her firm at large. In this context, the leadership functions of Amanda could focus on making effective decisions which could enable the organization to develop its operational and managerial activities towards the accomplishment of organizational

Managemant Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managemant - Movie Review Example In retrospect, the financial crisis was the result of a financial bubble in which assets, such as stocks, bonds, homes, financial instruments, and anything of economic value, acquire an inflated market price in relation to their actual, or intrinsic value. In other words, this crisis was the result of speculation, lack of government regulation, absence of any foresight on the part of financial regulators (such as the Federal Reserve Bank, Securities and Exchange Commission, the Congress, and ultimately, the financial industry to self-regulate), and the greed of investors to throw caution to the winds and take big, irrational risks. The film was produced and directed by Charles H. Ferguson which made extensive research into the causes of the worst financial crisis this generation has seen, narrated by actor Matt Damon, and co-edited by Chad Beck and Adam Bolt. In hindsight, the cause of the crisis originated several administrations back, to the presidency of Bill Clinton, when the banking regulation that mandated separation of banking and investing functions of banks got scrapped, which in effect created a moral hazard, in which the financial industry took huge risks. The elimination of the separation of banking and investment created a frenzy to make big profits out of new financial instruments called derivatives, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDO) and its twin, the credit default swaps (CDS). Further, investment bankers did not want their industry to be subjected to oversight and regulation, arguing that this goes against the spirit of enterprise, capitalism, and free markets. The bankers specifically refused to agree to put limits on their leveraging activities, which created a financial house of cards to maximize their profits with only a small capital needed to finance large transactions. The financial crisis which started in 2008 ironically produced

Short Answer Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Short Answer Questions - Essay Example The model acknowledges that the judges’ decisions are controlled by certain constraints. In this regard, judges must act in accordance with the outlined constraints to ensure that justice and fairness are maintained. The legal model acknowledges that the judges submit to the provisions of law. The model recognizes that the judges operate under the provisions of the constitution. The model that best describes the behavior of Supreme Court justices is the legal model. The model highlights the importance of the rule of law in search of justice. In addition, the model outlines the various functions of the constitution in regulating decision-making by judges. In essence, the model provides the structure of the judiciary and the appropriate process to be followed. There exist many differences between courts and public opinion. For instance, the courts are formed in accordance with the constitution and the rule of law. On the other hand, public opinion develops out of people’s view. In addition, the court follows certain procedures in solving disputes while public opinion has no outlined procedure for addressing issues. The phrase that the courts need legitimacy and support from the public to get their policies implemented means that the judicial system must win the public faith to be effective. In essence, the courts require public support in order to make the rulings acceptable and effective. It is worth noting that the courts rely on the members of public for support since the law largely focuses on the well-being of the common people. Apparently, public opinion has a great influence on the decisions made in court (Geer et al. 177) For instance, the court has to seek public views in deciding some cases since they affect the entire society. It is crucial to identify that the court cannot make or decisions on their own. In essence, the members of the public have to be involved at some point. The courts should embrace the public opinion