Successful leaders not limited by limited by leadership styles Assignment

Successful leaders not limited by limited by leadership styles - Assignment Example Second, there is power centralization if the subordinates lack experience, knowledge or skills to make specified decisions. However, this style is becoming rare because employees are more knowledgeable than before. Finally, subordinates can be indiscipline and insensitive in making decisions, and since some decisions are so sensitive in time and value, the competent leader has to make them. Free-rein leadership style is a kind of leadership where there is complete delegation. Unlike autocratic leadership, here there is power decentralization to the subordinates. Such leadership is in operation in Google where every employee is a leader. With such leadership style, there is full utilization of subordinates as well as job satisfaction. However, it is dangerous if the employees fail to consult because sometimes their actions result into chaos. The main reasons for Google to adopt this style are; first, most of the employees in Google are the best. They have all what is required for doing their jobs perfectly. Since there is confidence in the skilled employees, they have, free in style fits the organization. Second, Google employees are goal oriented and willing to assume responsibilities. Companies that advocates for accountability stand a chance in using free rein leadership. Finally, employee participation in decision-making improves their morale. Morale and job satisfaction are points of concern in Google because they believe self-motivated employees give their best. Despite the different leadership styles adopted by most successful leaders, they all share some things. Successful leaders are the best decision makers. Leadership is a behavior learned within time through the different encounters and experiences one comes across. Leaders who have had some experience in decision-making make the best decisions because they

Reflective essay about the guest speaker Essay Example for Free

Reflective essay about the guest speaker Essay I have been given the opportunity to attend one of the guest speaker events to write my reflective essay on. The guest speaker lecture I attended was a woman who had her own wedding company and as years went on she changed it to just focus on wedding cakes, instead of dresses and wedding events etc. The speech was very useful as the business student it gave me a wider knowledge and ideas for the future and I am so glad I attended because when you hear about another person’s journey through their business it helps you to understand more and focus on what’s important. She also spoke about the change in her technique to challenge competitors and blending techniques which she said in her speech â€Å" Niche was to give her clients exactly what they want when there’s conflict within the wedding party â€Å" which you would understand when you are getting married you want everything to go perfectly for your big day and everything to go how you planned it. So making the cakes she had to make sure especially for wedding cakes she always makes sure it is exactly how the clients asked for so there is no conflict and issues as a client it would be devastating seeing a result of the complete opposite of how you wanted the cake to be. It’s always important to keep the clients happy and impressed as it plays a big part in the company and you would want people to leave good and positive reviews and that’s how you build your company. The guest speaker also mentioned the economic climate which is a general characterization of the overall mood of the global economy or of a regional economy, which captures the status of the stock market, the perception of the economy by consumers, and the availability of jobs and credit. Business decisions such as hiring, borrowing, lending, and investment in new initiatives are often strongly influenced by the overall economic climate. The economic climate for her company was sweatshops because they have been a factor in the production of goods around the world for centuries but the globalization of business has led increasing numbers of major corporations to take advantage of low-cost sweatshops labor in developing countries. Recent examples of sweatshop conditions in the garment industry have caused an international outcry by Labour leaders and government officials. This whole situation made the clothing cost less than the retail price of fabric. Also, it all depends on the targe t market on who it is targeting at and in her company she had a lot of people that were size 14 plus. The recessions in the 1990s Were she wasn’t making enough money and it made it difficult for her to hold on to the business, the disposable income reduced as well as the wedding cakes were considered elastic products which meant the sellers and buyers adjust their demand for the good product when the price changes. Also, the guest speaker spoke about the disadvantages that affected her business was the changes in the law 1990 health and hygiene regulations. She spoke how this was a big impact on her business because of changing fashions and finding ways to keep up with the times and the little things count in maintaining a high-quality brand. All these things were really important towards her business because if you don’t follow the rules and regulations it can cause a danger to the company and she could lose it all. The implications of changing environment were keeping up to date with change as it plays a big part when having your own business and you are responsible for following and researching changes in the law. Attending wedding fairs was a chance for her to promote her business and give our business cards and people to get a taste of her company so they knew what the service and goods are if they wanted her for the future upcoming events. Along with that she also mentioned how she had wedding cake competitions which she enjoyed but you have to compete with others so clients come to her and not the other company’s. It was all about having the good product and knowing what the audience love, although it was a competition it was also about learning new techniques from others and others learning from her and how they do their design. She explained how learning from others isn’t always a bad thing, sometimes it’s good for you as if give you more ideas on how to improve and have better skills than what you already have and know.The pricing strategy is also important as she had to access the cost by monitoring the prices of competitions and having the interactions with customers have changed because of the internet where you have social media like Instagram, Facebook or your own business website where people have easy access and can easily contact you via message asking for quick information and you have other people who are already your client s writing feedback which catches other people’s attention as well.She spoke how if it was profitable, and explained that yes the wedding dresses were more profitable as there are the wedding every season of the month and the love of weddings, where every woman wants to look perfect with the perfect wedding dress on the big day. During the guest speaker event, I am so glad to have attended as I have learned many things from the guest speaker speaking about her company. She has motivated on helping me create ideas for what I plan for my future business/career. She also taught me that it is important to be up to date with the rules and regulations and always do research on anything especially when having your own business or if you wish to. You also need to think of contingency measure in different emergency and situations, doing this will make sure the events you hold or the finished product will be carried out smoothly with no conflicts. How I intend to implement ideas gained in the event to boost my future career, is by attending more of the guest speaker events and be involved when there are events going on to help me boost my confidence, doing this I know it will help me to understand more and also because I am studying business in most of my modules it helps me to understand each day. Doing research is r eally important before thinking of having your own business so it gives you a wider knowledge and keeps you aware of the advantages and disadvantages. References What is economic climate? definition and meaning (2017). Available at:  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-climate.html  (Accessed: 26 November 2017). Sweatshops facts, information, pictures |  Encyclopedia.com  articles about Sweatshops (2017). Available at:  http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/labor/sweatshops(Accessed: 26 November 2017).

Islam:The role and function of an Imam in a Sunni Mosque Essay

The role and function of an Imam in a Sunni Mosque The word Imam is an Arabic word which means 'Upfront'. As with many ancient words relating with faith the word carries a great deal of meaning and, depending of usage in text as well as speech, can take on numerous different meanings. In Sunni Islam the term Imam is used principally as a title and has minimal importance in theology. The congregational prayer performed in Mosque is lead by the Imam who stands in front of the lines of worship leading them in recital of prayer. The meaning of the word Imam is related to this role. In the standard interpretation being Imam is not a profession nor is it a qualification. The Imam is only Imam as long as he is leading prayer. He is not ordained as a holy man and should treated like any other member of the Muslim community. There are no priests or monks in Islam, all Muslims are regarded as equal. Any respected Muslim who is normally well-trained in leading prayer, As Salat, can be an imam. In general, it is the person with the most knowledge of Islam, pious, has the ability to recite the Qur?an properly and is the most respected and learned person in the assembly who is offered the honour of being Imam. Some Imams are specially trained at Islamic colleges called Dar-al-uloom, where students follow a seven year course in Arabic and Islamic Studies. Often the imam will have an advanced education, and will be very knowledgeable about Sharia , the Islamic law set down in the Qur?an and further writings. This helps the imam who works in a pastoral capacity to counsel members of the mosque. The congregation, in mosque prayer, must follow... ...mam is only human and no different than any other member of the congregation. Many people are misinterpreted about the role and function of the Imam, they believe that his job is primarily to carry out the task of leading the congregation to prayer which is a very significant and important task yet the Imam does much more The Imam is often relied on by the community for advice and guidance when needed. However of course the Imam doesn?t have all of the answers which is why he often refers to The Qur?an, The Hadith or The Sunnah. An Imam is not just a village hafiz , they have to deal with immigration and visa problems, marriage problems, all sorts of counselling and reconciliation, visiting of hospitals and prisons, education , organise social programmes, dawah programmes and much more. He is thought of as a pillar of the community Islam:The role and function of an Imam in a Sunni Mosque Essay The role and function of an Imam in a Sunni Mosque The word Imam is an Arabic word which means 'Upfront'. As with many ancient words relating with faith the word carries a great deal of meaning and, depending of usage in text as well as speech, can take on numerous different meanings. In Sunni Islam the term Imam is used principally as a title and has minimal importance in theology. The congregational prayer performed in Mosque is lead by the Imam who stands in front of the lines of worship leading them in recital of prayer. The meaning of the word Imam is related to this role. In the standard interpretation being Imam is not a profession nor is it a qualification. The Imam is only Imam as long as he is leading prayer. He is not ordained as a holy man and should treated like any other member of the Muslim community. There are no priests or monks in Islam, all Muslims are regarded as equal. Any respected Muslim who is normally well-trained in leading prayer, As Salat, can be an imam. In general, it is the person with the most knowledge of Islam, pious, has the ability to recite the Qur?an properly and is the most respected and learned person in the assembly who is offered the honour of being Imam. Some Imams are specially trained at Islamic colleges called Dar-al-uloom, where students follow a seven year course in Arabic and Islamic Studies. Often the imam will have an advanced education, and will be very knowledgeable about Sharia , the Islamic law set down in the Qur?an and further writings. This helps the imam who works in a pastoral capacity to counsel members of the mosque. The congregation, in mosque prayer, must follow... ...mam is only human and no different than any other member of the congregation. Many people are misinterpreted about the role and function of the Imam, they believe that his job is primarily to carry out the task of leading the congregation to prayer which is a very significant and important task yet the Imam does much more The Imam is often relied on by the community for advice and guidance when needed. However of course the Imam doesn?t have all of the answers which is why he often refers to The Qur?an, The Hadith or The Sunnah. An Imam is not just a village hafiz , they have to deal with immigration and visa problems, marriage problems, all sorts of counselling and reconciliation, visiting of hospitals and prisons, education , organise social programmes, dawah programmes and much more. He is thought of as a pillar of the community

What determines a successful niche strategy

Niche marketing is a very important marketing tool that is defined as â€Å"focusing on sub-segments or niches with distinctive traits that may seek a special combination of benefits (Kotler & Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy or sometimes-called focus strategy is a marketing segmentation strategy that concentrates or focuses on a few target markets. Users of this strategy hope that by focusing on a few (one or two) markets segments that are narrow, they would be in a better position to meet the needs of that market. Therefore the company strives to tailor make its marketing mix to suit these specialized markets that it has identified. By using the niche strategy the company easily stands to gain or have a competitive advantage by being effective rather than efficient. (Kotler & Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy in most cases is suitable for small firms although it is open to any company which would want to utilize it in selecting targets with lesser substitute vulnerability or where there is weak competition. (Kotler & Armstrong, 1997) There are several factors that greatly enhance a successful niche strategy and include: – 1) Market –research Before developing any niche market it is very important to conduct a comprehensive market research of the desired market before embarking on any marketing program. Towards this end, a SWOT analysis that highlights the strength and weaknesses of the company vis-à  -vis the market it desires to segment is very necessary. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) The market research will enable the company determine the market characteristics that will enable it serve this particular segment in a better way. Such characteristics would include, customer preferences, desirable price ranges level of competition, product differentiation, distribution channels, the marketing mix and various other important marketing variables.   (Chisnall, P.M.1997) When these characteristics have been established and defined the company on its part designs a marketing model that should suit the target market and be a profitable venture for the company. The market research in itself will enable the company not only identify a market but will give it more information on the demographic history of the market as well. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) 2) Create customer loyalty. One major threat to establishing and growing any niche is competition. Competition may eat up a share of the company’s market, reducing the profitability or worse still drive out the company from the market. Towards this end it is very important for the company to make it its priority to listen to the customers. When the company makes it its goal to carefully listen to the customers, it will have the ability to create products or services that will not only meet customer expectations but will meet their needs as well. Listening to the customer will enable the company differentiate its product range to suit the needs of the niche. This will in turn create loyalty that will enable the company weather any form of competition, in fact when customers are loyal it will be very difficult for them to seek other alternatives or switch to the competitors. (Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J., 1996) 3) Develop two or more niches By developing two or more niches it will prove quite advantageous to the company in several ways. The experiences and lessons gained in other niches will give the company the ability to tackle the challenges that would likely to occur in a different niche. (Baker, M. 2000) Two or more niches on the other hand may work towards supporting each other especially in the advent of any form of competition; for example when one niche is faced with competition other niches can be of great support especially if price competition would be necessary. Two or more niches supporting each other gives the company a leverage that would enable it sustain any form of marketing campaign to maintain high market penetration. By maintaining two or more niches, the company lowers the risk of closing shop just in case one of the niches collapses or is faced with competition and there’s a reduction in profitability levels.   By developing more than two niches the chances of success are increased tremendously as well. (Baker, M. 2000) 4) Focus on a particular region To achieve successful specialization, it is important for the company to address those geographic markets that other competitors ignore. By focusing on a particular region, it is easier for the organization to design a distribution channel that will not only be effective in terms of logistics but will ensure timeliness in the distribution of goods or services. By focusing on a particular area, it enables the company to create or design an effective marketing strategy to promote and create awareness of its goods and services. The company also stands a better chance of interacting with the customers more deeply and freely to which case it would be easier to predict the buying trends and the customer preferences. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Gamma Plc Gamma PLC produces very high quality motors for garden mowers and this fact gives it an edge over its competitors in this particular niche. However the company can not sit back and sit on its laurels, It is imperative for company to work extra hard to ensure it commands these niche especially with the competition of such established organizations like Yamaha and Honda.   To guard itself from this onslaught there are certain challenges that the company will face which might force it out. Competition As it is, already the company is facing competition from such world acclaimed names like Yamaha and Honda. For such names to be attracted to such a market, then it follows that the market is very lucrative. Gamma PLC is not quite renown, apart maybe for this particular market segment, unlike the competitors who are well established and with renowned brands. The big players if they would decide to flex their muscle, this might drive out Gamma from this niche. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) They can do this in various ways including powerfully utilizing the 4ps (Price, promotion, product and place) of marketing. The kind of marketing or promotion blitz they would likely conduct, would obviously be superior compared to Gamma’s with a lesser budget. Besides, these companies’ would likely introduce price wars that would have adverse effect on Gamma Plc, whose budget would likely be comparatively small. The latter’s prices cannot compete with those ones of the more established firms. This kind of competition would prove to be a nightmare for Gamma whose niche is under threat. After all, the bigger companies’ bottom line would not be affected in any way because their presence is worldwide and are more experienced and advanced especially with the marketing capabilities. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) The competitors may also decide to adopt or even copy how Gamma Plc is producing its high quality motors, thereby claiming some of the market share. Competition may also come in terms of remuneration and staff training where the other organizations may be attractive to employees in Gamma. The niche strategy may be limiting By adopting and relying on this particular niche the company would be faced with another challenge of future growth. Because it might expend all its energies trying to defend this niche from Yamaha and Honda it might lack the resources to venture in other markets thereby limiting its own growth. This is always foreseen especially if the market is relatively small. As time goes by Gamma’s market share might shrink which might eventually affect its continued production of highly quality motors. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Is the market defensible? This should be the question that should be ringing in the minds of Gamma Plc’s management. It would not be worthwhile to cling to one niche especially if it is not defensible. Most small companies like Gamma will find it challenging to judge this especially bearing in mind that this is the market that supports the organization. The company may lack the resources to get out if the competition becomes unbearable and establish another niche elsewhere. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). The market would be defensible if the customers within the niche have shown the willingness to support the company regardless of who comes to compete, which is to mean they are strictly loyal to Gamma. It would also mean that the market would be big enough to warrant any fight over it. However if the market is small and shrinking there’s not need to waste the resources to defend it. Substitute Products Gamma Plc manufactures quality products and as stated before this might be the edge it might be having over the competition. However, it is worth noting that quality in most cases comes at a higher price. Thus consumers would likely to be charged more compared to similar products from other companies. Yamaha and Honda may take advantage of this by providing cheaper alternatives that the customers can select from. This means that not all consumers use quality as the driving purchasing factor. Most consumers will go for cheaper products provided the offer similar functions. This would force Gamma either to lower quality so that the product becomes cheaper or seek for more efficient ways of production. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). Gamma Plc most probably specializes in the production of motors for garden mowers, which in essence means that they lack any other product line, unlike Yamaha and Honda who have a very wide product range, that ranges from generators to motorbikes. The range could be a very crucial marketing entry point for consumers who might not necessarily want motors for garden mowers yet they possess them. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). REFERENCES Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edition, Macmillan Business. Chisnall, P.M. (1997) Marketing Research, Fifth Edition, London: McGraw-Hill Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1997) Marketing An Introduction. Fourth Edition. New  Ã‚   Jersey. Prentince Hall International Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. (1991) Making Niche Marketing Work, New York:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGraw Hill Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J. (1996) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, USA:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irwin            

Explain how Hill and Golding present death in I’m the King of the Castle and Lord of the Flies respectively? Essay

Hill and Golding both utilise the techniques of symbolism, varied settings and physical death of the character to present death. Overall I think that Hill generally presents death more effectively than Golding, because she generally provides more development throughout her novel, which ultimately leads to the death of Kingshaw. Hill and Golding both use the techniques of symbolism dead stating that â€Å"the inside of its mouth was scarlet† with the adjective â€Å"scarlet† interesting as it has connotations of death and of blood. I think this description of the crow is also a subtle form of prolepsis as the crow is initially portrayed as a normal crow, but as Hill describes the crow further; it is evidently a symbol of death, much like Warings. What is interesting to note about the crow is that it is also described as having â€Å"ragged black wings†- the word ragged could symbolise the aftermath of violence, much like Kingshaw’s exposure to violence later on in the novel and the adjective black is a symbol of death. Another aspect of symbolism regarding the crow is when the crow â€Å"circles over Kingshaw†, symbolically death looms over Kingshaw. This is comparable to the symbolism of death in Lord of the Flies where â€Å"The Lord of the Flies† also symbolises death: one example of this is when the Lord of the Flies states â€Å"we’re going to have fun†- it is a statement, rather than a question, an imperative. The â€Å"fun† that is described refers to evil, ultimately the death of Simon. Another description of the Lord of the Flies describes that is particularly important is when Simon looks at the Lord of the Flies and sees â€Å"blackness† within, a â€Å"blackness that spread†. Perhaps this symbolises not only death, but death spreading throughout the island as other characters are killed. I feel this description also has significance because both Hill and Golding use â€Å"colours† to symbolise death, the colour black. The authors also differ as Hills descriptions are far more graphical, for example the crow, whereas Golding is far more subtle in his description of The Lord of the Flies. I believe that Hills graphic description is more effective at portraying death, her descriptions are far more explicit but some readers may argue this to be a disadvantage as her symbols are too clichà ©d. I think Golding is not as effective because his descriptions are a little more implicit, and hence loses some of the value that his symbol provides in portraying death. Another way in which Hill shows death is through the use of settings. Warings is described as â€Å"being in full night† with â€Å"the yew branches [†¦] overhanging the windows†. Hills typical gothic description to a modern reader is a clear signal of death, especially the Yew branches which also symbolise death. The â€Å"moonlight† suggests a sense of coldness in Warings, like a dead person for example. Warings is also described as â€Å"dark† and â€Å"damp† which emphasises Hills initial description of Warings. This is comparable to Golding’s description â€Å"of the unfriendly side of the island†- a â€Å"place of terror†. This is an explicit meaning, terror and death are linked. Arguably, Castle Rock is the heart of the â€Å"unfriendly side of the island†, Castle Rock is described as being â€Å"the end of the island†, literally the furthest away from the island once compared to paradise. The word â€Å"end† echoes the end of life- supported by the statement â€Å"we shan’t dream to much hear† , perhaps Golding implicitly stating that no one dreams in Castle Rock because death is the end of dreams. Once again I feel that Hill has been more successful at portraying death. Whilst her terms are clichà ©d, she adds a greater degree of subtlety in her descriptions as well, for example the â€Å"moonlight†, the implicit means have greater depth to them, unlike Golding’s explicit descriptions. Finally Hill also presents death in a physical manner as well as through description, through the death of Kingshaw. When Kingshaw dies, it shows death on a physical level, but it may also have a deeper meaning. It was evident from the start of the book, that Kingshaw’s death loomed, however the death signifies the death of the protagonist and victory for the antagonist. This is arguably the death of â€Å"innocence†. This is comparable to Golding’s portrayal of Piggy’s death, describing Piggy’s moments before his death: â€Å"he heard it before he saw it†- the verb heard suggests once again Piggy’s death always loomed, rather like Kingshaw’s. Unlike the death of Kingshaw however, Piggy’s death signals the death of rational, not innocence. I think that Hill has been more effective at portraying death because her description of Kingshaw creates far more emotion rather than the death of Piggy, Golding’s descriptions are too dull. In summary both authors portray death through the use symbolism, settings and physical death. I think that portrayal of death is very effective, especially Hills description. Hill develops her characters throughout her novel, and when Kingshaw dies it is a genuine shock to the reader. Because of Golding’s lack of development, Piggy’s death is not as emotional as Kingshaw’s.

Nazi Leaders in WWII essays

Nazi Leaders in WWII essays Many people have contributed to the cruel treatment of human beings, specifically Jews, in Nazi Germany during the second World War. This is a report on the damage carried out by some of the Nazi criminals working under the rule of Adolf Hitler. Many people contributed in Hitler's attempt to carry out his 'Final Solution'. Among these people are Ernst Roehm, Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Himmler, and Hermann Wilhelm Goering. While I discuss how they partook in World War Two, keep in mind their actions will, and have, left a mark on the Little is known about Ernst Roehm's childhood. He was a quiet boy who never went looking for trouble and didn't express hatred towards anyone, mostly because his parents were Libertarians and never paid attention to the politics in Germany's heartland. In college, Hitler's ideas and notions had a strong impact on Roehm's personality. Though Roehm never graduated, he joined the Free Corps, a group of soldiers dedicated to changing injustices in the German government. After a while, Roehm started to grow tired of the Free Corp's non- violent style, and he was tempted to be more of an activist in government reform. Hitler, looking to recruit fellow officers in his plan, then in it's infancy, liked Roehm's strong presence and personality. Roehm, jobless and nowhere to go, joined Hitler's office. After Hitler was elected into office some years later, he split his dictatorship into different divisions. Roehm, being one of the original officers, was chosen as head of the Sturmabteilung, or SA, commonly referred to as the Brownshirts and storm-troopers. By 1932, the Brownshirts had reached more than 400,000 members. All types of men who Hitler saw fit enough to join were members. Among them were ex-Free Corps soldiers like Roehm, students who weren't able to find jobs, shopkeepers who went out of business or weren't profitable enough, t...

Victor Locke, (student number) Essays - Gender, Biology, Identity

Victor Locke, (student number) Essays - Gender, Biology, Identity Victor Locke, (student number) Course number, and section Are girls at a disadvantage later in life because of the toys they play with when they're young? This is what the article, "How Today's Toys May Be Harming Your Daughter," by Natasha Daly in the January 2017 issue of National Geographic, explores. (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/01/gender-toys-departments-piece/) The theory is that because girls don't play with building toys and complex puzzles as much as boys do, they don't develop the skills that are required for good jobs in STEM fields or gain any desire to. This article and others like it raise a key question: are toy manufacturers a primary contributor to this phenomenon, or are they simply reflecting society at large? The article looks at how toys have been marketed over time. According to a study by Elizabeth Sweet, who researched Sears catalogs from the 1920s through the 2000s, toys were marketed along traditional gender roles up until the 1970s, with homemaking toys for girls and building and war toys for boys. Then a change happened, as the second wave of feminism questioned traditional roles, resulting in toy marketing becoming more gender neutral. It changed back again in the 1980s. The author credits deregulation making it easier for toy companies to reach children directly, but this also coincided with the rise of conservatism in the Reagan era. Today, some companies like Target are eliminating the "pink" and "blue" aisles and using more gender neutral marketing techniques. Throughout the article, the author suggests that the way toy companies market toys is leading to differences in the way boys and girls develop logics and spatial abilities. And it implies that this is particularly bad f or girls. But how truly influential are toy companies in determining what toys children play with? Are they shaping social behavior, or are they merely reflecting it? Or is it both? Studies have shown that children start to learn about gender from birth by receiving unconscious cues from their parents (pg. 105) during the sensorimotor stage (pg.97). "Male and female adults usually handle infants differently," and things like women's perfume and clothing signal that men and women smell and dress differently (pg. 105). By the time a child is two, they know what it means to be a girl or a boy, and by age 5, during the preoperational stage (pg. 98), they know that their gender will not change (pg. 105). Of all the factors influencing gender identity, family, peers and society's "rules" in general play the central role. This can be seen in a 1986 study by Vanda Lucia Zammuner (pg. 106), who found that children generally preferred toys associated with their own gender, particularly in societies like Italy that have strong ideals about gender roles. Even when parents try to ignore traditional gender roles, it can be difficult to change children's preferences. This was found in research done by June Stathan, who studied parents who consciously tried to raise their children in a nonsexist way. While they were partly successful in getting their children to play with gender-neutral toys, it was much more difficult than they thought it would be. Girls preferred "girl" toys and the boys played with "boy" toys. In other words, "existing patterns of gender learning" were "difficult to combat (pg 107). Their early socialization was too hard to overcome. What role toy marketing played in this result is unknown. There are many sociological theories about how children develop gender identity. Sigmund Freud said that gender identity is based on a biological difference - whether or not they have a penis (pg 99). Nancy Chodorov argued that gender identity comes from "the infant's attachment to their parents from an early age," with particular emphasis on the dominant influence of the mother (pg 100). And according to George Herbert Mead, "infants and young children develop as social beings by imitating the actions of those around them" (pg 97). This idea of children playing an active role in their socialization was furthered by Jean Piaget (pg 97), who said that children actively "select and interpret what they see, hear, and feel." What all of this suggests is that gender roles are shaped by many factors, but probably most important among them

Editorial Essay Topics

Editorial Essay Topics Editorial Essay Topics Editorial Essay Topics: Creating One As they say, one of the most difficult assignments, while you are editorial essay writing, is to choose a topic for it, as it is really rather complicated to create effective editorial essay topics. As a rule, editorial essay puzzles students a lot, as it greatly differs from all the other kinds of academic writing. When it comes to the creation of this topic, students find it too difficult, however, nothing is impossible. If you have received such a task you are the only one to cope with it or, at least, to find a way to cope with it. In this article, we are going to offer you this way out if you feel that you can not complete editorial essay writing on your own. Editorial Essay Topic Can Be Easy If you want to cope with creating editorial essay topics in a simple and fast way, we recommend you to make friends with our custom writing site, which is going to help you to get rid of all the problems concerning essay writing including inventing editorial essay topics: It is much simpler to choose editorial essay topics from the ready-made list offered to you at our site than to create these editorial essay topics on your own, is not it? Therefore, we offer you this very list of editorial essay topics at our site. Visit it and get your editorial essay topics. In addition to it, if you are going to have some other problems with your essay writing except inventing editorial essay topics, you can also appeal to our custom writing site and get a professional and immediate help from our experts. We Offer Help With Topics and Writings We offer you a great number of articles devoted to the different problems of academic writing where we give you practical pieces of advice and tips in order you could cope with any task you have been assigned. If you can not find the answer to any of the questions you have, you can get a consultation from our academic writers who will gladly give you detailed answer. Our Custom Writing Service Is Accessible 24x7! Our custom writing service is aimed at simplifying studying process of students that is why we offer premium quality service for the moderate price. Therefore, if you are going to face some difficulties with editorial essay topics inventing or with some other aspect of essay writing we are waiting for you to give you help, which will bring you to success in writing. Read also: Favorite Season Essays Essay Writer Essay Papers Essay Help Essay Assignment

WK Secondary Data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WK Secondary Data - Essay Example It facilitates in making primary data more specific as gaps and deficiencies within primary data are taken care of through already available secondary data. As an example, secondary data assists in the comprehension of a problem and also provides a basis for comparison of the data that has in essence been collected for the purpose of research (Kiel, 1984). On the other hand, secondary data also has its fair share of disadvantages. Secondary data might not fit within different frameworks and hence the customized feel that primary data can offer seems missing at times. Thus the marketing research been done under such concerns comes out to be improper and inadequately drawn. At times, the accuracy and genuineness of secondary data might not be authenticated and thus there is a great amount of concern with regards to the market researchers under this facet (Ghauri, 2005). Lastly, as an example, secondary data might be outdated for researches done in the past, which is quite a significant issue when one understands how secondary data can fail within certain research

The Chinese Room Argument Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Chinese Room Argument - Research Paper Example Strong AI is intended to try and be like human in their cognition or even supersede him in their capability to solve problems. However, John Searle argues against the idea, he says that consciousness is an emergent property of a physical system that is only caused by a particular kind of physical process, and it is absurd to relate consciousness with a proper behavior. He further maintains that it is not worth thinking that consciousness is there, just because you have the right behavior. Computers are not conscious because they behave in the correct way, because the physical processes involved in human mind and computers are different. According to him, the basic physics and processes are everything. A person is likely to think that other people are conscious not because they operate as you do, but because it is evidently known that the physical performance of their brains are basically the same: and the same common kinds of physical effects occur in their brains as yours, therefore, the same emergent properties can be expected. My opinion is totally in contrast with Searle’s view that seems to divide things into two perspectives, that is the physical objects and abstraction of a physical system that also appears to be different in all. According to my understanding, the distinction between different kinds of properties is inconsistent. In human beings and other living things, emergent properties are caused by the processes within them as it is in the artificially made objects. The only difference here is artificial, but in real sense the emergent property is general to both AI and the human brains. It is clear in response which includes the range of actions made by artificial objects, organisms or systems in relation to the environment in which they exist. The surrounding could include other systems, other organisms or even the physical environment. This response is

Fire and Building Codes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fire and Building Codes - Essay Example It was the National Board of Fire Underwriters which published in 1905 the first model building code. Seeing the blatant unhealthy housing conditions, charitable organizations were established and many of them formed the National Housing Association in the 1900 which pressed for housing reforms. This movement also provided the stimulus for passing the New York Tenement House Act of 1901 which was used as a model for other cities. In 1939, the American Public Health Association (APHA) developed housing codes which served as a prototype as it specifies health and sanitation requirements including room dimensions and arrangements. The Engineering Profession provided the technical expertise for specifying applicable structural design thru the American Society of Civil Engineers, mechanical codes by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and plumbing codes and standards (American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE).

Managing in a global society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing in a global society - Essay Example In this scenario, strategies are adopted in taking into account different layers of parameters with the first being culture of the host nation, and subsequently situational as well as strategies pertaining to the process of centralization or decentralization. Understanding and adopting culture of the foreign subsidiary nations, current global industrial trends, pertinent values, and important principles are the contributing factors for the successful global commercial venture. Conventionally economic and management factors are considered while framing strategies for developing international business relations however research and studies have found tremendous impact of culture on establishing strong foreign relations in the form of joint ventures as well as fully owned subsidiaries. Some of the studies suggest joint venture as the most adequate strategically motivated move with the nations having vast cultural differences or vice-versa. However to achieve success, trustworthiness and reliability should be taken into consideration while reducing risks for any opportunistic tendencies. As different cultures have different levels of trustworthiness, it is equally important to weigh all the possible outcomes, opportunities as well as obstacles before forging international relations. ... ould forge a new relationship with the host nation having vast cultural differences by fully utilizing its extensive knowledge (Lee, Bang, Ha & Lee, p. 3). As a CEO of UK firm, I need to take into consideration various cultural parameters if subsidiary in USA and Japan has to enter into success. There is no doubt a fact that in both the USA and UK, language is same and United Kingdom would need little of adjustment while dealing with Americans in contrast to Japan, yet for Americans this assumption puts them in the most difficult situation and less productive. As Craig Storti suggests, â€Å"Because we speak the same language, Americans think they’re not going to have any communication problems with the English,† (Doke 2004, p. 1) but in reality there is a vast difference as the language that appears to be same but have different phrases, unfamiliar terms and meanings. George Bernard Shaw, 20th century Irish playwright and a political strategist, once claimed that Unite d States and England are the two nations having same language still they are divided. It is quite true that the major difference is in English language and its usage can cause many problems and obstacles for the Britons and Americans who are working together as for instance Americans make use of the sports metaphors quite often while having business talks which can be very difficult for us to understand. On the other hand, Britons are habitual in speaking more but with fewer words and this often become the most ordeal task for the Americans to understand (Doke 2004, p. 1). According to Doke, â€Å"Unfamiliar nuances and British attitudes about work, personal ambition, individualism, efficiency, business meetings and communications may run counter to your employees’ experiences and expectations† (2004,

Money laundering and economic effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Money laundering and economic effects - Essay Example A case in point is the example of the measures put in place by the Basel Committee on Regulation and Supervisory. In this case, therefore, it becomes extremely easy for banks to have a clear check on their dealings with its counterparts and come up with appropriate solutions in cases where they detect secreted dealings. Secondly, it would be of use to regulate the manner in which organizations run their activities, so as to normalize efficiency. If the management is alert and constantly report on any forms of suspicious dealings, the entire organization will be better placed to deal with the implications of the money laundering. This will be applicable in the case of fraud such as in the instances of procurement, accounts, employment qualifications, investments amongst others. If this is applied in all organizations, a lot of money that would have landed in the hands of a few people will be saved from losses, or landing in the hands of the wrong people. The management must always be alert in the quest to make timely recognition on the crimes that might be related to crimes in the organizations and make appropriate decisions that focus on the minimizing chances of adverse effects on the economy. On another point of view, it is vital that all organizations are up to date with the novel technologies that are taking place in the globe today (Gup, 2007). This is related to putting in place rules and regulations that will change the tactics that will lead to adjusting to modern forms of money laundering. Consequently, organizations will be in a better position to adjust to the changing needs of the business related environment (Hinterseer, 2002). This is appropriate in the case of organized crimes that relate to money laundering in the society. With up to date technologies, organized crimes will be detected early enough; thus, prevent an occurrence of a crime that would be lead to terrorist activities in the globe. Conclusively, money

Managing in a global society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing in a global society - Essay Example In this scenario, strategies are adopted in taking into account different layers of parameters with the first being culture of the host nation, and subsequently situational as well as strategies pertaining to the process of centralization or decentralization. Understanding and adopting culture of the foreign subsidiary nations, current global industrial trends, pertinent values, and important principles are the contributing factors for the successful global commercial venture. Conventionally economic and management factors are considered while framing strategies for developing international business relations however research and studies have found tremendous impact of culture on establishing strong foreign relations in the form of joint ventures as well as fully owned subsidiaries. Some of the studies suggest joint venture as the most adequate strategically motivated move with the nations having vast cultural differences or vice-versa. However to achieve success, trustworthiness and reliability should be taken into consideration while reducing risks for any opportunistic tendencies. As different cultures have different levels of trustworthiness, it is equally important to weigh all the possible outcomes, opportunities as well as obstacles before forging international relations. ... ould forge a new relationship with the host nation having vast cultural differences by fully utilizing its extensive knowledge (Lee, Bang, Ha & Lee, p. 3). As a CEO of UK firm, I need to take into consideration various cultural parameters if subsidiary in USA and Japan has to enter into success. There is no doubt a fact that in both the USA and UK, language is same and United Kingdom would need little of adjustment while dealing with Americans in contrast to Japan, yet for Americans this assumption puts them in the most difficult situation and less productive. As Craig Storti suggests, â€Å"Because we speak the same language, Americans think they’re not going to have any communication problems with the English,† (Doke 2004, p. 1) but in reality there is a vast difference as the language that appears to be same but have different phrases, unfamiliar terms and meanings. George Bernard Shaw, 20th century Irish playwright and a political strategist, once claimed that Unite d States and England are the two nations having same language still they are divided. It is quite true that the major difference is in English language and its usage can cause many problems and obstacles for the Britons and Americans who are working together as for instance Americans make use of the sports metaphors quite often while having business talks which can be very difficult for us to understand. On the other hand, Britons are habitual in speaking more but with fewer words and this often become the most ordeal task for the Americans to understand (Doke 2004, p. 1). According to Doke, â€Å"Unfamiliar nuances and British attitudes about work, personal ambition, individualism, efficiency, business meetings and communications may run counter to your employees’ experiences and expectations† (2004,

Canadian Economic History The Staple Thesis Essay

Canadian Economic History The Staple Thesis - Essay Example Economic base, staple, sector, growth pole, neoclassical growth, inter-region trade, product cycle, entrepreneurship and flexible production are a few existing theories that explain economic development1. The economic history of Canada shows its dependence on fur trade, fisheries and lumbering industries, dependent on waterways transport till mid nineteenth century. Later, with the advent of steam and rail transportation, wheat and flour, paper and pulp, mining and timber industries became significant. However, the industries depended basically on natural resources with limited or without any processing. Staple thesis, as formulated by economic historians like Harrold A Innis and WA Makintosh, provides significant insight to the economic development of Canada. The thesis defines export-oriented economic growth of staple or natural products like furs, fisheries and timber and contributes towards political and cultural structuring. The works of Harold A Innis (1894-1952), a political economist, have been inspiring in the field of economic history and communication. His initial works related to the expansion and establishment of staple theory, originally conceived by Makintosh. Innis's literal works include thesis on 'History of Canadian Pacific Railways', 'The Fur Trade in Canada' (1930), 'The Cod Fisheries' (1940) and 'Empire and Communication' (1950). In the subsequent paragraphs, the thesis would be extensively discussed with regard to its definition, dynamics, merits and demerits and application to Canadian economic growth. Further, the paper would cover economic impact of the theory on other countries, followed by its critical analysis highlighting theory's credibility and relevance in past and present. Staple Theory A staple can be defined as a commodity that forms significant constituent of export material. The thesis dwells on the extent of processing of the commodities being marginal or absent. The major Canadian staple products included fur, fish, timber, grain, oil etc. The theory focuses on staple exports contributing towards economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary that the home market for the staples be negligible or limited to achieve a large export base. The theory is associated to a number of factor dependent determinants like the production function, external market demand, transportation function and staple characteristics2. The production function is the outcome of the resource base of a country and the available technologies while transportation depends on the public investments and existing communication infrastructure. External demand base is the central determinant around which the theory revolves. Staple characteristics are the measure of economic development related to its production, depending on the linkages that induce further investments. It is important to note that demand drives the model; external demand base further creates derived demand through linkages. The commodity is the centre of importance in the model and its character stimulates other activities setting up a positive or negative pace. With the known production function and assumed external demand, a number of related aspects like income distribution, additional processing

Debussys Petit Suite Essay Example for Free

Debussys Petit Suite Essay Claude Debussy (1862-1918) was one of the most important composers of his time and is considered the founder of the impressionist movement, essentially a one-person revolution. Born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Debussy was the eldest of five children of a crockery shop owner and a seamstress. Despite early dreams of becoming a virtuoso pianist, Debussy found greater success working as a composer, producing his first works as a teenager. His first piano work was written at age 18, and within a few years, he was composing symphonies, cantatas and operas. The origin of the his impressionistic music stemmed from the Impressionistic art of compatriots- Monet, Renoir, Manet, and others, with the tendency to hint at an idea rather than state boldly, to feature color and atmosphere over Germanic clarity. The piano remained his main instrument and he ultimately became best known for his mature works for the instrument. His piano music is distinctive for its luminous tonal colors and often evoke an other-wordly and ethereal sense. This is a result of his skillful use of parallel chords, treatments of layers of refined sound, unresolved harmonies, unusual pedal effects, free modulatory procedures, and full exploitation of the piano’s resources. Debussy was only 24 years old when he began working on the 4-hand Petite Suite. The charming 4-movement suite was written about the same time as his two Arabesques for piano, conjuring a similar sense of lightness and delicacy, as well as conveying the same immediate charm. The work was originally conceived for piano, but was later re-scored for full orchestras. The reworking of Petite Suite for orchestra was accomplished not by Debussy himself, but by Henri Boesser, a slightly younger French composer who was noted for his orchestration skills. In its original form for piano, Petite Suite was first performed on February 2, 1889 by Debussy in collaboration with the pianist-publisher Jacques Durand. Transcriptions for string quartet, flute solo, saxophone solos, and other instrumentations have been written and performed. This works has a simple lyricism that contrasts with much of the composers music from the late 1880s Like the paintings of the Impressionists, most of Debussy’s music including the Petite Suite is inspired by the outdoors, suggesting moods and giving glimpses of nature. For Debussy, music always began where words and sight left off. The first movements of Debussy’s Petite Suite of 1889 are drawn from two poems of Verlaine’s 1869 volume Fà ªtes galantes. The poems evoke the era of 18th-century aristocrats on country outings, the world depicted in the fanciful paintings of Fragonard and Watteau. En Bateau is one of the composer’s â€Å"water pieces’ presenting a delicate theme reminiscent of Faure rippling accompaniment. It suggests revelers in a boat have their minds on romantic trysts as they sail at dusk on a dark lake. Debussy’s music captures perfectly a mood of water-borne serenity and languor, opening with a kind of musical sigh that made the Petite Suite immediately popular with a wide audience. The next movement, entitled Cortge, Procession conveys the idea that boat revelers are playfully making their way along a promenade to retire from the boat ride. The third movement Menuet, triple metered dance, and fourth, Ballet although not set to a particular poem articulate broadly the nostalgia and the sparkle held in balance throughout the poems of Fà ªtes galantes. The final movement is an energetic, festive dance movement with the title Ballet.

How Can You Classify Welfare States Politics Essay

How Can You Classify Welfare States Politics Essay Introduction: As I have found it so difficult to structure this essay and formulate a strong line of argument, which would be outlined here, I will limit the introduction to some of my thoughts surrounding issues which may have an effect on the discussion. What authors mean by the term welfare state varies from each classification attempt. This results in different classifications which within the boundaries the author has set can be very convincing. Different measures and types of analysis are used creating different outcomes, different levels, and different understandings of welfare states. Some focus more on expenditure than others, definitions may be broader or narrower. As Cochrane points out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a loose working definition is required to make comparison possible in the first place (1993) but there is not an overwhelming consensus about what constitutes the welfare state. This is one reason why there is so much controversy surrounding classification, as writers disagree about what the welfare state consists of, and thus use different types of evidence according to their particular view on what makes up the welfare state. However, classifying welfare states helps makes useful generalisations which can enrich our understanding of a complex and important subject. Main body: Early attempts to classify the welfare state of the advanced world did so largely according to expenditure. Wilensky (1975) analyses differences in the levels of government spending, using this criteria to distinguish the leaders from the laggards. Cutright (1965) also bases his differentiation of welfare states primarily on expenditure specifically on social insurance provision. Bonoli (1997) makes the point that This approach, by concentrating exclusively on the levels of expenditure completely neglects other dimensions of welfare provision. Esping-Anderson (1990), in his ground-breaking work The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism makes the point that within expenditure based classifications that all spending counts equally. Of course the level of money a government assigns to its welfare provision is very important in classifying states but the way in which it is spent can have implications for the provision and leads to large differences between welfare states, even if expenditure levels appear similar. Firstly in countries such as Austria, governments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦spend a large share on benefits to privileged civil servants which, Esping-Anderson points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is normally not what we would consider a commitment to social citizenship and solidarity. Furthermore, expenditure analysis has tended to neglect for instance whether benefits are means tested or universal. Expenditure can be misleading in other ways too, Esping-Andersen uses the example of Britain under Thatcher, where total expenditure grew, but that it was mainly a function of very high unemployment. Castles and Mitchell (1992) concur; ceteris paribus, an identical input of expenditure will lead to quite different observed levels of poverty and inequality, depending on the distribution of incomes prior to income maintenance expenditures and taxes. Most recent classifications agree that expenditure alone is inadequate criterion to classify welfare states. Esping-Andersen has been praised for highlighting this problem (Bonoli, Pierson Castles) The way in which money is spent is crucially important as is the rights the welfare state grants its citizens. But more than this required, according to Esping-Andersen, who argues further that welfare states can not merely be understood in terms of rights granted. We must also take into account how state activities are interlocked with the markets and the familys role in social provision. Esping-Andersens understanding of the welfare state is thus broader than many other authors in their attempts at classification. This is a major strength as it attempts to include many activities carried out by governments that have implications for the standard of living of its citizens. Esping-Andersen focuses on the notion of decommodifying the impact of diverse systems of social rights (Pierson and Castles). Decommodification is defined as the degree to which individuals or families can uphold a socially acceptable standard of living independently of market participation (Esping-Andersen 1990). As well as firmly moving the emphasis away from expenditure as the sole tool of analysis, Esping-Andersen has been praised for suggesting that the welfare state is about more than just services and transfers (Pierson and Castles 2000). Esping-Andersens three proposed welfare regimes, the liberal, social-democratic and corporatist or conservative are argued convincingly and well supported. The analysis goes beyond merely the descriptive, and attempts to provide common development of the welfare states within each regime type, largely around class and power issues. This strengthens the common characteristics identified by Esping-Andersen in todays welfare states. However, Esping-Andersen has been criticised on a number of grounds. A good classification must result in the welfare states of the advanced world being classified. That is to say, they must fit into the categories proposed, meeting the necessary criteria to be associated with a particular welfare regime of type. Esping-Andersen admits that none of the regimes he identifies can be found in a perfect or pure form. Still, even if we ignore this inevitable consequence of classification, (all welfare states are unique), further objections to Esping-Andersen remain concerning welfare states comfortably fitting into the regimes. A major problem with the three regime types is that Japan cannot be comfortably incorporated, as it possesses features of all three types, and yet it is without doubt part of the advanced world. Esping-Andersen admits this, as Japans level of expenditure is relatively low, similar to the liberal classification, but that unemployment rates are typically low too, more similar to those found in social-democratic regimes. Elements of the conservative/corporatist model may be found too, due to Japans reliance on non-state forms of support from the family and the firm for example. The failure to incorporate Japan into his analysis is clearly an unsuccessful aspect of Esping-Andersens classification attempt. Many alternative classifications have been proposed in response to Esping-Andersens The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, which highlight other deficiencies and problems with the work. Abrahamson (1991) and Leibfried (2000) both point to the difficulty of including various Southern European States into Esping-Andersens three regimes and argue for a 4th world, the rudimentary or Latin rim. According to Leibfried the Southern countries of Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦seem to constitute a welfare state regime of their own. Countries such as Spain, Portugal and Greece would come under this banner, more easily described as rudimentary and similar to each other than grouped with liberal, social-democratic or conservative welfare states, as they display very different characteristics. Castles and Mitchell (1992), however, use different techniques to establish an alternative 4th world, which they term radical. They base a classification of countries such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom as radical because these nations equality outcomes are much more favourable than other states which Esping-Andersen describes as liberal. The above countries, according to Castles and Mitchells analysis, do more for increasing equality among their people than the Netherlands does, which according to his [Esping-Andersens] classification is a socialist, high decommodification system. Many criticisms of Esping-Andersen are the basis for new models, adding or adjusting his three worlds. But other criticisms have been launched too, which also apply to those studies stemming from Esping-Andersens three worlds. Allan Cochrane makes the point that the most striking absences from the statistical approaches and indeed (except in asides) from Esping-Andersens regimes are those relating to gender. He notes how the decommodification of labour is tarnished as a tool for classification because of failing to fully consider gender issues, many of which find no expression in aggregate statistics. (Of course this criticism also applies to most other statistics used to support classification attempts.) For instance Esping-Andersen fails to acknowledge the extent to which womens involvement in that sphere is a necessary basis for the commodification of labour. (Cochrane). Peter Taylor-Gooby developed this point arguing that analysis must include both uncommodified care work in th e home and the position of women in the formal labour market and that this will mean different struggles will develop in the various regime types in response to current pressures on the welfare states. Consequently a classification neglecting to investigate these angles will result in presenting welfare states as very different to their true nature. Many have argued that classifying welfare states without understanding issues such as this that they face greatly reduces their value. (Langan Ostner 1991, Dominelli 1991) Both Bonoli, Kemeny, and Castle Mitchell argue that whilst Esping-Andersen criticises over reliance on expenditure as a basis for classification, and that this is a valid and important claim, he is in some ways also guilty of this fault. Each of the three regimes is heavily contaminated by expenditure considerations. Kemeny notes that e-as classification does not make a complete break with the traditional quantification approach. Bonoli maintains that e-a still ends up with a classification overly based on the quantity of welfare provided by individual states. Instead of using spending to measure welfare states he measures decommodification and Bonoli argues that a consequence of this quantitative approach is a failure to reflect the substantial differences which exist in the way welfare is delivered. Other attempts at classification have placed their emphasis on how welfare states have administered welfare provision rather than how much they have spent in doing so. In Bonolis article Classifying Welfare States; A Two Dimensional Approach he notes that Ferrera (1993) and traditional French approaches to welfare state classification (commonly known as the Beveridgean and Bismarckian types) examine the ways in which provision is made, moving away from the quantitative how much approach. Ferrera openly sets out to break with the quantification approach and the French models are considered independent of the quantity of welfare it provides. Ferrera focuses on one aspect of welfare provision the coverage of welfare protection schemes, mainly distinguishing between universal and occupational schemes. Briefly, Bismarckian social policy is concerned with income maintenance for employees, whereas Beveridgean social policy aims at the prevention of poverty (Bonoli). Bonoli, however, highlights that although Ferreras classification is able to account for differences in the way in which welfare is delivered more competently than Esping-Andersen, its obvious weakness is the fact that it now fails to take into account the quantitative dimension of state welfare. Aside from the fact that knowing how much government spends on the ways on which they administer welfare as a useful element in distinguishing welfare states there are other problems. For instance, as with (ironically) some expenditure only analyses, the Bismarckian /Beveridgean approaches do not distinguish between universal and means tested benefits, a distinction which has very important connotations for welfare provision. A major point in Bonolis article is that welfare state classification requires a comprehensive two-dimensional approach considering both expenditure and the way in which that money is spent, as well as other methods such as policy measures. That is to say how welfare is administered. These vital two dimensions are found in some form in Esping-Andersens three worlds, but Bonoli argues this is not adequate, as the two dimensions are limited only to decommodification rather than to the whole analysis. Bonoli attempt at classifying welfare states takes the Beveridgean/Bismarckian approach but adds a new twist differentiating not only the two from each other but also distinguishing between higher spending and lower spending within the regime types. This addresses more fully the issue of two dimensions of analysis. Although Bonolis point that these two dimensions of analysis are required to understand the welfare state, it seems quite simplistic to imply that there are only two hows- the Beveridgean and Bismarckian. Esping-Andersens three regime types appear more convincing generally although Bonoli makes a useful methodological point. Many rival classifications to Esping-Andersens stem form his work, and similar methodology is sometimes used. However, differences in methodology are also common, perhaps due to different understandings of what constitutes the welfare state. Ferreras understanding, it could be argued, is rather narrow, solely concentrating on social protection schemes. It is difficult, apart from in very broad terms to talk in detail about the variations in methodology (although ideally this is what I would like to have done). Conclusion issues, not a comprehensive summing up. The failure to fit Japan into Esping-Andersens three worlds clearly reduces the success of the classification which in many other ways came as a crucial addition to the study of welfare states. But this is an excellent way of examining whether a classification attempt is successful in its main objective that has to allow all welfare states in the advanced world to be comfortable in the classification groups. However, this is very difficult to assess in many of the other cases. Different authors use different ways of formulating classifications, and their methodology leads to different conclusions. Therefore, often the countries discussed do fit generally well into the regimes proposed. But because the criteria for classification varies so much between authors, and because, for instance, Japans relevant statistics are not available to me, it is difficult to know whether all the advanced countries do indeed fit snugly into all the different regimes presented. One could argue however, that most of the authors discussed do succeed in creating classifications which manage to incorporate all the countries they have analysed according to the particular way they have chosen to analyse them, this is largely inevitable! Esping-Andersen has admitted that Japan is a large exception to the rule, but the absence of Japan form the discussion by other authors could also be seen as some sort of failure. Functionalism classification of welfare states is pointless, the fact they exist is the main point? It is also important to remember that although welfare states show enduring characteristics and tendencies that remain over the years, that they are not static, unchanging entities. As such, classification may only really be able to group states according to their past trends and present characteristics, and arguably welfare states could ultimately change regimes depending on government policies. For instance, it could be said that the influence of globalisation may alter welfare states make-up, and make certain classifications void or in need of adjustment.

evilmac Free Essay on Shakespeares Macbeth - The Evil of Lady Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

The Evil Lady Macbeth In Shakespeare's final play, Macbeth the main character Macbeth is very weak, and if it was not for the other characters he would not have committed any of those heinous crimes. The play opens with Macbeth accidentally running into three witches who give him his fortune. The go on to explain that he would become the new Thane of Cawdor, and from that point he would go onto commit many murders. Macbeth also has a wife who seems to be very controlling, and is able to persuade this already weak man to actually go through with committing these murders. I believe that the Macbeth was brainwashed by the witches, and then forced by his wife Lady Macbeth to commit these murders, and he can not be held accountable for his weakness. In the play Macbeth I believe that Lady Macbeth is trying to control Macbeth and persuade him to do things against his will. The quote that I chose to portray this characteristic of Lady Macbeth was: Hie thee hither, That I may pour my spirits in thine ear, And chastise with the valor of my tongue All that impedes thee from the golden round (I.v.26-29) In this next quote Lady Macbeth is telling Macbeth that on the inside he must be like a snake but everyone must see him as an innocent flower: look like th' innocent flower, But be the serpent under't. (I.V.66-68) I believe that Lady Macbeth is training Macbeth to be evil, and she knows so much about being evil because Lady Macbeth herself is evil. I this next quote it proves that Macbeth did not want to commit any of the murders in the first place: I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself And falls on th' other-- (I.vii.25-28) The last quote that I chose shows that Macbeth has finally cracked, and Lady Macbeth has changed him totally. In this quote Macbeth has changed, and when Lady Macbeth is in doubt he says don't worry, I will take care of everything:

Hamlet’s Soliloquys

Throughout the play Hamlet there are soliloquys, these soliloquys enable the audience/reader to be able to know what the characters truly think and how they truly feel. Although many characters have their own soliloquys, Hamlet’s are the most informative and advance the plot the greatest. In Hamlet’s soliloquys we learn of events that speed his revenge, how he feels about his father’s death and his mother’s swift marriage to Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Hamlet’s first soliloquy of the play reveals possibly the most about his character in one soliloquy. This soliloquy reveals that Hamlet longs for death by saying â€Å"O that this too too solid flesh would melt† (Shakespeare 14) but he cannot kill himself because it is a sin: â€Å"His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter. † (Shakespeare 14). Hamlet is considering suicide because he finds life and the world utterly tedious and foul, and overrun with â€Å"things rank and gross in nature† (Shakespeare 14). When Hamlet talks about his father he compares him to the sun god Hyperion and his uncle and new king Claudius to a satyr. Hyperion to a satyr† (Shakespeare 14). Hamlet recalls how lovingly his father cared for his mother â€Å"so loving to my mother† (Shakespeare 14), and how passionately she loved him â€Å"she would hang on him As if increase of appetite had grown† (Shakespeare 14). When Hamlet thinks of his mother marrying his despised uncle, Hamlet is disgusted at how soon they were married after his father’s death. Hamlets first soliloquy creates a dark atmosphere because he longs for death and condemns his mother’s marriage to his father’s brother. By truthfully revealing his innermost thoughts and emotions, Hamlet’s soliloquy advances the plot by showing the audience and reader how Hamlet feels about the current situation, his father’s death, his own life and mortality, and his mother’s marriage to Claudius. Hamlet’s second soliloquy follows the visit from the late King Hamlet’s ghost. Once the ghost leaves, Hamlet seems fully determined on revenge in contrast to the underlying theme of meditation and love while Hamlet was with the ghost. Once the ghost is gone, Hamlet has no thoughts of whether or not the Ghost is good or evil. Hamlet vows to remember the Ghost and its command to revenge. He makes it clear his feelings toward his mother â€Å"O most pernicious women! † (Shakespeare 32), and to his uncle â€Å"O villain, villain, smiling damned villain! † (Shakespeare 32). This soliloquy’s main focus is on Hamlet’s revenge of his father’s death. Looking at this soliloquy it looks like Hamlet will be swift in his revenge, but his road to revenge will be full of procrastination and over thinking. This soliloquy advances the plot by showing what will be the focus throughout the rest of the play. In Hamlet’s third soliloquy he contemplates how the first player can weep for Hecuba, a fictional character, when in reality Hecuba means nothing to the first player and Hecuba cares nothing for him. Hamlet thinks of what the Player would do if he had the motive that Hamlet has. This thought provokes Hamlet to scold himself for apparent cowardice and lack of action when he has real reasons to take them. From this he curses Claudius â€Å"Bloody, bawdy villain! Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! † (Shakespeare 62). Hamlet listens to himself and mocks his emotional outburst â€Å"Why, what an ass am I! † (Shakespeare 62). Hamlet realizes that he must act in some way and sets his brain to work and thinks of something to do â€Å"About, my brains. Hum† (Shakespeare 62). He begins to shape a plan to test the Ghost’s story. Hamlet starts to question whether the Ghost is a good or evil spirit â€Å"The spirit that I have seen May be a devil, and the devil hath power† (Shakespeare 62). Hamlet’s plan becomes clear, the players will perform a play showing a murder similar to the way that Claudius murdered the King Hamlet, if when watching this murder Claudius reveals his guilt; it will prove that the Ghost has spoken truly â€Å"The play’s the thing Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king. † (Shakespeare 63). This soliloquy creates a conniving atmosphere as Hamlet plans to make Claudius reveal his guilt of murdering his brother, King Hamlet. This advances the plot by showing that Hamlet is capable of taking some action and shows the audience Hamlet’s plan to make Claudius show his emotions. This fourth soliloquy starts out with possibly the most popular Shakespeare quote in the world â€Å"To be, or not to be, that is the question:† (Shakespeare 66). By this Hamlet could be talking about his own personal dilemma, whether he should live, or commit suicide. Hamlet could also not be considering his own situation, but is asking a more general question: is life worth living? This questions the advantages and disadvantages of human existence, whether it is better to be unhappy, than to be at all. This soliloquy creates a dark atmosphere because of Hamlet’s questioning of suicide and if life in general is worth living. This soliloquy shows that Hamlet is still questioning life as he did earlier in the play in his first soliloquy. Just before Hamlet’s fifth soliloquy, Hamlet argues with Polonius and refuses to be treated like a musical instrument that can be made to say anything at someone else’s wish. In the soliloquy Hamlet uses the melodramatic stock imagery of a traditional Elizabethan revenger, â€Å"Now could I drink hot blood,† (Shakespeare 88). As Hamlet leaves to meet Gertrude, he vows to scold her, but not harm her, â€Å"I will speak daggers to her, but use none. † (Shakespeare 88). In Hamlet’s sixth soliloquy, he enters into the church where he finds Claudius praying. Hamlet draws his sword to kill Claudius but then holds back because he is praying. If Hamlet were to kill him while he was praying then Claudius’s soul would be sent to heaven. Hamlet then reflects on the fact that his father was killed at a moment when he was unprepared for heaven thus condemning him to suffering after death. Hamlet then decides to kill Claudius at a more sinful moment, and thus damn him to hell. Once again Hamlet has found an excuse to postpone killing Claudius. There is dramatic irony in Claudius’s final couplet. It reveals that Hamlet may have caught the conscience of the king, but that he was deceived by appearance. Claudius only looked as if he was praying, his efforts to contact god were unsuccessful: â€Å"My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. Words without thoughts never to heaven go. † (Shakespeare 91). This soliloquy creates a dark atmosphere even though it is in a church because Hamlet wants to make sure that he not only kills Claudius but that he suffers eternally. This soliloquy shows that Hamlet is not a hard-hearted traditional revenger and continually finds reasons to delay killing Claudius. Before Hamlet’s seventh and final soliloquy, Hamlet speaks with a captain in the Norwegian army. The captain tells Hamlet that the army is passing through Denmark on its way to fight for a tiny unprofitable part of Poland. Hamlet reflects on the sickness of an apparently healthy society â€Å"This is th’impostume of much wealth and peace. † (Shakespeare 110) in which thousands will die in battle over such a â€Å"straw† (Shakespeare 110). These thoughts prompt Hamlet’s last soliloquy in which he once again reproaches himself for delaying the revenge of his father’s murder. Hamlet then considers that everything he encounters prompts him to take revenge: â€Å"How all occasions do inform against me, And spur my dull revenge. † (Shakespeare 110). He reflects that god has given him human intelligence to use and that capacity for making moral decision making is what separates humans from animals: â€Å"Sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means To do’t† (Shakespeare 110). The encounter with Fortinbras’ army spurs Hamlet to speed his revenge: â€Å"Oh from this time forth, My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth. (Shakespeare 111). Throughout Hamlet’s soilioquys we have been given an inside look at his deepest thoughts, his views on life and death, and his view on military expeditions. Most importantly we learn that Hamlet is not a traditional Shakespearean avenger. His main character flaws, procrastination and overthinking, prevent him from accomplishing a speedy revenge.

Color Theory Essay

Wonder Woman hated men when she first set off to the world from her home, Themyscira, but later understood that she was wrong in her initial assessment of men because she simply didn’t understand men. In Deborah Tannen’s essay, â€Å"Sex, Lies, and Conversation†, the often misunderstood forms of communication between men and women are explored. Gloria Steinem, American feminist who is a nationally recognized leader of the women’s liberation movement in the 1960’s and 1970’s, who expressed how she felt Wonder Woman is an exemplary model of what a feminist is. I believe Steinem would agree with many of Tannen’s views because they are rational, based on research and her essay is meant to bring the two genders to better understand one another. Steinem and Tannen both have the same goal; they both strive to find peace between men and women. Tannen discusses extensively in her essay about how if you understand that both men and women are raised in separate cultures, American man culture and American woman culture. An example of this would be how women place intimacy as the foundation of relationships, and talking as the cornerstone of relationships. The bonds between men can be as intense as women’s relationships, but they are founded less on talk and more on the activities they experience together. Both forms of communication are used to build bonds between peers but do so in different ways, and that’s a pattern that follows both cultures throughout â€Å"Sex, Lies and Conversation†. I believe that Steinem would agree that to have peace between the two sexes, there must be some sort of understanding of how the two sexes communicate with one another. Through that understanding, women would live far bette r lives in a world that seems dominated by men. Throughout her essay, Deborah Tannen is clearly explaining that the problem between the sexes is that there is much mistranslation but that it is reparable and she even goes to state â€Å"Once the problem is understood,  improvement comes naturally†. Her essay is something Gloria Steinem would agree on and possibly even recommend to members of her various organizations to help improve their relationship with the world around them. Wonder Woman’s values like self-reliance, peacefulness and esteem for human life are all values that Steinem believes that feminists are trying to introduce into the mainstream. Although Steinem focuses heavily on improving the lives on women, I believe she does that because women are at a disadvantage in today’s society and she’s looking to help bring equality between the sexes. The gap that only a few years separated women from men in society having equal opportunities and rights is slowly disappearing and I think its in large part due to the efforts of people like both Steinem and Tannen. People who are looking to both understand that although men and women are different, they should to be allowed access to the same opportunities. Steinem’s efforts to empower women correlates with Tannen’s effort to bring to light the need of a cross-cultural understanding between men and women because in the end, they just want to see improvement in communication. It wouldn’t be much of a stretch to understand that Steinem would agree with Tannen’s attitude towards the failure of communication between the sexes. If people start to understand how to interpret how the two sexes communicate and educate themselves and others, The world would be a better place for everyone. Like Tannen says at the end of her essay, â€Å"like charity, successful cr oss-cultural communication should begin at home.†

Bimbo

Estrategias de Crecimiento de Bimbo: Fusiones y Adquisiciones a. Como se incorporo Bimbo el reparto de utilidades y la responsabilidad social en su compania? REPARTO DE UTILIDADES: Uno de los ingredientes mas importantes de la â€Å"receta secreta† de Bimbo es que no concibe a sus colaboradores como â€Å"recursos humanos†, sino como personas a las que brinda trato justo y afecto, seguridad, oportunidades de aprender y de crecer siendo utiles a la sociedad. Crecer e innovar es la consigna del personal de Bimbo. Ellos saben que el desarrollo de nuevos productos y la reinversion de las utilidades es lo mejor para la empresa, y mantienen el compromiso de generar una publicidad etica, anclada en la verdad y el respeto al cliente. Una â€Å"gran preocupacion desde el principio, fue la relacion con el personal. Queriamos que trabajara contento, que se identificara con la empresa, que se le respetara. Por nuestra formacion cristiana, teniamos una vision no instrumental de la gente, de relaciones cordiales y armoniosas con el personal†. Con los anos se consolido el ideal de una empresa â€Å"altamente productiva y plenamente humana†. Los repartos de utilidades entre los colaboradores rebasaron los minimos fijados por ley, y muchos de ellos pudieron adquirir acciones de la empresa a precios inferiores a los del mercado. . Participacion de los trabajadores en las utilidades – La PTU se registra en los resultados del ano en que se causa y se presenta en el rubro de otros gastos en los estados de resultados. 2008 2007 2006 Ventas Netas82,317 72,294 66,836 Participacion de los trabajadores en las utilidades 467 467 456 RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL: Comprometido con su responsabilidad social, Grupo Bimbo participa en importantes proyectos comunitarios, como la reforestacion de areas naturales protegidas de la Republica Mexicana, asi como en diferentes proyectos para el bienestar de la sociedad. El Programa de Responsabilidad Social, se centra en cuatro programas: 1. Comprometidos con tu Salud.? 2. Comprometidos con el Medio Ambiente.? 3. Comprometidos con Nuestros Colaboradores.? 4. Comprometidos con Nuestra Sociedad. 1. Comprometidos con tu Salud: Integra iniciativas enfocadas al bienestar de la poblacion: a. Innovacion y reformulacion de productos: Reduccion de acidos trans-fat, azucar y sal. Introduccion de productos de 100 calorias, introduccion de productos fortificados con avena, linaza, etc. b. Informacion Nutricional a los consumidores: Informacion mas comprensible por medio de etiquetas mas claras y legibles. c. Publicidad y Mercadotecnia responsables: Se firmo el Codigo Mexicano de Publicidad de Alimentos y Bebidas para ninos, con el cual se comprometen a promover una publicidad socialmente responsable hacia los ninos. d. Promocion de actividad fisica y estilos de vida saludables: A traves de publicidad, envolturas, sitios en Internet, publicaciones, reportes del consumidor y promocion de actividades, contribuyen a el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los consumidores. Por ejemplo: el slogan â€Å"Llenate de energia con 30 minutos de ejercicio diario† en todos los empaques y publicidad; y el Torneo Futbolito Bimbo. e. Asociaciones: Con otras empresas para establecer programas como Alianza para el corazon, Alianza para un estilo de vida saludable. Y con institutos de nutricion para poder ofrecer productos nuevos y mejores. Tambien se apoya a la Cruz Roja en Mexico, la Casa de la Amistad para Ninos con Cancer en Mexico y otros proyectos en Guatemala, Costa Rica y Uruguay. En EEUU se apoyan programas que contribuyen a la prevencion de enfermedades congenitas, nacimientos prematuros y muerte de ninos, entre otros. 2. Comprometidos con el Medio Ambiente: Se trabaja mas de 20 proyectos en 5 lineas de accion: a. Ahorro de energia b. Reduccion de emisiones c. Ahorro de agua d. Administracion de desperdicios solidos. e. Responsabilidad social hacia el medio ambiente: Se invita a los colaboradores y proveedores a compartir acciones para beneficiar el medio ambiente. Se llevan a cabo ferias de Sustentabilidad para dar a conocer a los colaboradores informacion de los productos ecologicos para el consumo en el hogar. Se fundo â€Å"Reforestemos Mexico† que en conjunto con los grupos etnicos de Mexico se desarrollan habilidades para promover las practicas sustentables y asegurar la preservacion de recursos naturales. Bimbo es parte de la Comision de Estudios del Sector Privado para el Desarrollo Sustentable que representa al Consejo de Negocios Mundial de Desarrollo Sustentable, en Mexico. 3. Comprometidos con Nuestros Colaboradores: a. Salud y Seguridad: Programas de orientacion que incluyen platicas para reducir los accidentes en la compania, asi la realizacion de campanas medicas que promueven la vacunacion, y pruebas de vision, audicion y dentales a los colaboradores. Constantemente se refuerza la importancia de adoptar estilos de vida saludables por medio de conferencias y cursos. Se ha implementado un programa que promueve el ejercicio fisico diario en el trabajo. b. Desarrollo de Colaboradores: Se ofrecen cursos de educacion primaria, cursos de ingles, instruccion para lograr un grado universitario en Mexico y Latinoamerica, tambien se cuenta con una Universidad virtual que contribuye al desarrollo de talento y liderazgo. c. Ayuda Social: Se promueven los ahorros voluntarios entre los colaboradores. Se promueven oportunidades de trabajo, se contrata a un gran numero de colaboradores con discapacidades, se ofrecen conferencias sobre ambiente de trabajo, etc. 4. Comprometidos con Nuestra Sociedad: Se ayuda en forma economica para promover el progreso social y la educacion. En el area de educacion se construyo en 2008 el Centro para el Tratamiento de Individuos con Afasia, se apoyaron programas educativos como â€Å"Ayudando a Ninos como Yo â€Å" de UNICEF, â€Å"El Calendario de Valores† de Fundacion Televisa, programas de nutricion a ninos y becas de la Fundacion Tarahumara, entre otros. Se colaboro en la publicacion del libro â€Å"Como proteger a tus hijos de las drogas†. Mas de 1,000 estudiantes y educadores recibieron apoyo a traves de instituciones como Fundacion de Empresarios por a Educacion Basica. Y se ayudo a mas de 5,000 estudiantes universitarios de la Escuela Bancaria y Comercial, ITAM, UDEM e UIA. Tambien en el extranjero se apoya en organizaciones en pro de la educacion. Mas de un millon de agricultores se han beneficiado de los proyectos que apoya Grupo Bimbo. Tambien, en asociacion con FinComun, se le ha br indado ayuda financiera a mas de 15 mil micro empresas y cerca de 140 mil personas con espiritu emprendedor para que desarrollen sus propios negocios. b. ?Cuando se convirtio Bimbo en una empresa cotizada en la Bolsa de Valores? La primera empresa del grupo, â€Å"Panificacion Bimbo†, fue fundada el 2 de diciembre de 1945 en la ciudad de Mexico. Posteriormente, entre 1952 y 1978, se abrieron 12 plantas mas, lo que le permitio extender la distribucion de sus productos a todo Mexico. Durante este mismo periodo se constituyo la fabrica â€Å"Pasteles y Bizcochos†, que posteriormente se convertiria en â€Å"Productos Marinela†. Y se establecieron las primeras plantas de dulces y chocolates de â€Å"Ricolino† y de botanas saladas â€Å"Barcel†. Durante este periodo empezo tambien la integracion vertical del Grupo con la inauguracion de la primera planta de mermeladas. Desde febrero de 1980, 34 anos despues de su fundacion, Grupo Bimbo se transformo en una empresa publica y 15% de sus acciones comenzaron a cotizarse en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. La empresa no se cotiza en el exterior, debido a que no ha tenido necesidad de financiarse en mercados internacionales, sus necesidades la ha cubierto oportunamente el mercado nacional. c. ?Cuando fue la primera adquisicion de Bimbo? ?Cual fue la meta, y como actuo la compania para asegurar que su flexibilidad no fuera comprometida por esta adquisicion? Con la finalidad de lograr una posicion de liderazgo a nivel internacional y consolidarse como lider en el continente americano, el Grupo ha realizado inversiones en el extranjero. Dichas inversiones se efectuan a traves de asociaciones estrategicas y/o adquisiciones de empresas del sector que le permitan tener una red de canales de distribucion y venta todavia mas importante y asi poder consolidarse operativamente. El interes de BIMBO por participar en los mercados internacionales se debe al gran potencial de crecimiento en lo referente a la relacion de consumo entre pan tradicional y pan empacado. La primera adquisicion del Grupo Bimbo en Mexico fue Continental de Alimentos, S. A. en Mexico en 1986. En 1990 comenzo con operaciones a nivel internacional con la adquisicion de una planta productora de pan y pastelitos en Guatemala. Las estrategias de adquisicion le han permitido al Grupo capitalizar las experiencias en diferentes mercados y diversificar su concentracion geografica, disminuyendo asi el riesgo que pudieran presentar los mercados locales en los que participa. La estrategia de crecimiento de Grupo Bimbo ha sido desde un principio consolidar su plataforma. Cronologia de expansion y adquisiciones del Grupo Bimbo: 1984BIMBO incursiono en el mercado de exportacion con la distribucion de productos Marinela hacia EE. UU. 1986BIMBO adquirio en Mexico: Continental de Alimentos, S. A. de C. V. , empresa que producia y comercializaba la marca Wonder, hasta entonces competidora directa de BIMBO en panificacion y pastelitos. 1989Se adquiere Holsum en Venezuela. 1990Comenzo con operaciones a nivel internacional, con la adquisicion de una planta productora de pan y pastelitos en Guatemala, esto marco el inicio de la cobertura que el Grupo tiene en Latinoamerica. 992Adquision de Alesa, S. A. y Cena (hoy Ideal, S. A. ) en Chile. Adquision en Mexico de la fabrica Galletas Lara, lo cual permitio la entrada formal al mercado de las galletas tradicionales, tipo â€Å"marias† y saladas, 1993Se extendio a Venezuela con la adquisicion de Industrias Marinela, C. A. y Panificadora Holsum de Venezuela, C. A. Se instalaron plantas productivas en Argentin a, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador y Peru, asi como empresas de distribucion en Honduras y Nicaragua. Se explande en Estados Unidos, con el establecimiento y adquisicion de plantas productivas en los estados fronterizos con Mexico. Se adquiere Orbit Finer Foods, Inc. 1994Se adquiere en EEUU: La Fronteriza, Inc. 1995Se adquiere en EEUU: C&C Bakery, Inc. y la Tapatia Tortilleria, Inc. 1996Se adquiere en EEUU: Pacific Pride Bakeries, con dos plantas (Suandy Foods Inc. y Proalsa Trading, Co. 1998Se adquiere en EEUU: La empresa de panificacion Mrs. Baird’s, lider en el estado de Texas, EEUU , y en Mexico se inicio con operaciones en la planta de Bimbo en la Paz, Baja California. La expansion de BIMBO llego al continente europeo con el establecimiento en Alemania de la empresa distribuidora de confiteria Park Lane Confectionery. Tambien en ese ano, con objeto de enfocarse en sus negocios principales, BIMBO llevo a cabo desinversiones en la elaboracion y distribucion de helados en Mexico y de botanas saladas en Chile. 1999BIMBO realizo una alianza estrategica con la empresa Dayhoff, en EE. UU. , dedicada a la distribucion de dulces, a traves de una participacion accionaria de 50%. BIMBO se asocio con Grupo Mac’Ma al adquirir una participacion de 51% en las empresas dedicadas a la elaboracion de pastas. En el estado de California, EE. UU. , adquirio la empresa panificadora Four-S. Se construyo una nueva planta panadera en Tijuana, BC. Refuerza presencia en Colombia, con la adquisicion de activos en la ciudad de Calli. Se convierte en el proveedor unico de toda la bolleria de la cadena de restaurantes McDonald? s en Venezuela, Colombia y Peru. Se concretan negociaciones con la empress Panacea, SA en Costa Rica, lo cual permitio a BIMBO la adqusision de algunos de los activos de esta empresa y el derecho al uso de Tulipan, su marca lider en ese pais. Se consolida en EEUU Mrs. Baaird’s Bakeries Busineess Trust en el mercado de Texas y Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. en el mercado de California. 000Se inauguran, a traves de Ricolino, dos plantas en la Union Europea, una en Viena, Suiza y en Ostrava, Republica Checa. Se adquiere la panificadora Pan Pyc, la segunda empresa mas importante en Peru. Se adquiere la empresa La Mejor en Guatemala, con presencia en Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras. 2001Se adquirio Plus Vita, una de la empresas panificadoras mas grandes en Brasil. 2002La participacion de BIMBO en la alianza con la empresa Dayhoff en EEUU aumento a 70%. Se fusionaron todas las empresas operadoras del Grupo en Mexico, en dos grandes empresas Bimbo, SA de CV y Barcel , SA de CV. Para optimizar operaciones y eficientar su capacidad instalada y su fuerza de distribucion. Se adquirio, a traves de la subsidiaria en EEUU, las operaciones de la panificacion en la region oeste de EEUU, pertenecientes a la empresa George Weston Limited. Con ello fortalecio la posicion del Grupo en mercados clave: California y Texas. 2003Se concreto una alianza estrategica con Wrigley Sales Company en EEUU. Participacion como socio minoritario en un consorcio donde adquiere ciertos derechos de propiedad y deuda de la Compania de Alimentos Fargo, SA en Argentina. 004 Adquiere el total de acciones de Dayhoff en EEUU. Adquisicion de las empresas Jocyco de Mexico SA de CV, Alimentos Duval, SA de CV y Lollmen, SA de CV, propiedad de accionistas mexicanos y de la empresa espanola Corporacion Agrolimen, SA. Se adquieren en Mexico dos plantas de produccion lideres de la industria de la confiteria en Mexico. 2005Se adquiere en Mexico: Controladora y Administradora de Pastelerias, SA de CV, op eradora de las pastelerias El Globo. 2006Se adquiere en Uruguay las empresas panificadoras Walter M. Doldan y Cia, SA y Los Sorchantes, SA, posicionados como lideres en el mercado. Se inician operaciones en Asia, al adquirir la empresa Beijing Ranrico Food Processing Center, ubicada en China, lo que ha permitido una importante presencia y reconocimiento en Beijing y Tianjin. Se adquieren activos y marcas de las pastelerias El Molino, unas de las mas antiguas y de mayor tradicion en Mexico. 2007Se realizo la compraventa de la empresa de galletas, grissines y pan rallado Maestro Cubano Florentino Sande, SA en Uruguay. Se adquirio Temis en Paraguay. 008Se adquieren las companias Laura y de Firenze en Brasil. Se adquiere Plucky en Uruguay. Adquiere el 75% e acciones de la empresa panificadora Nutrela Alimentos, SA en Brasil. Se adquiere en Honduras Galletas Lido Pozuelo. Se adquiere en Mexico: Galletas Gabi 2009Se adquiere la panificadora Weston Foods, Inc en EEUU. Mayor operacion en la historia del Grupo Bimbo. Bibliografia: Santander (2009) Latin American Equity Research: Recuperado e l dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. santander. com. mx/PDF/canalfin/documentos/bimbo231009e. df Grupo Bimbo (2010) GRUPO BIMBO REPORTA RESULTADOS DEL SEGUNDO TRIMESTRE DE 2009. Recuperado el dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com. mx/relacioninv/uploads/reports/PR%202T09. pdf Grupo Bimbo (2010) Reporte Anual 2008. Recuperado el dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/reports/IA%202008%20esp. pdf Grupo Bimbo (2008) DECLARACION DE INFORMACION SOBRE REESTRUCTURACION SOCIETARIA. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/press/reescorp. pdf Enfasis Alimentacion (2010) Grupo Bimbo podria convertirse en la empresa mas importante de panificacion a nivel mundial. Recuperado el dia 28 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. alimentacion. enfasis. com/notas/11490-grupo-bimbo-podria-convertirse-la-empresa-mas-importante-panificacion-nivel-mundial Grupo Bimbo (2010) Historia Grupo Bimbo. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com/admin/content/uploaded/Historia%20Grupo%20Bimbo. pdf Grupo Bimbo 08 Social Responsability Report http://www. grupobimbo. com/admin/content/uploaded/BIMBO%20RS%20ING%20xpag. df Grupo Bimbo Informe Anual 08 http://www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/reports/IA%202008%20esp. pdf Editorial Columnas. Cultura Bimbo. http://www. eluniversal. com. mx/columnas/55515. html Grupo Bimbo. Pagina internet. http://www. grupobimbo. com/display. php? section=1&subsection=13 Bolsa Mexicana de Valores http://www. bmv. com. mx/ Entrepreneur. Grupo Bimbo Selling Bread and Nostalgia http://www. entrepre neur. com/tradejournals/article/131896496. html Grupo Bimbo. Reporte Anual 2008 http://www. bmv. com. mx/infoanua/infoanua_3099_20090625_1643. pdf