Concepts of Health - 2447 Words

Nicola Horton DN 02 98 Health means very different things to many different people. Discuss the possible reasons for this and how these differences may influence the process of care. The concept of health to each individual is a very personal thing. To some individuals it can be the absence of disease but to another it can be getting from day to day adequately caring for themselves’ without assistance. The governments’ policies rule health matters a great deal but this leads to problems when their concept of health differs from that of the individual. One of the major problems in health care is the money available for resources.†¦show more content†¦According to Orem, a person is a functional, integrated whole with a motivation to achieve Self-Care (Aggleton and Chalmers 1990). However, when disease or infirmity affects an individual it unbalances this equation, thus making the ability to self-care debatable. Looking at the holistic concept of the human being together with individualistic, goal-directed nursing care through a process approach, allows the consideration of patient education in care planning (Carter 1990). It is important here to consider the fact that not only the patient, but the whole family needs educating. Price (1984) suggests that some individuals need to control their own situation during illness and resent being dependent on others. If education is provided the patient will have a balanced understanding of the situation and will be more motivated to learn to self-care with his/her disabilities. To plan effective nursing care it is important to obtain and assess the individual’s needs. To do this information is needed on all aspects of functioning; physically, psychologically and socially (McFarlane and Castledine 1982). The nurse must look at the whole picture, which the patient gives to her in order for her to construct a care plan. For example it would be of no use to recommend regular bathing for a patient who could not get in and out of the bathShow MoreRelatedConcepts of Health2342 Words   |  10 PagesCONCEPTS OF HEALTH INTRODUCTION As humans remain different in nature, so are their perceptions and response towards certain issues of their lives and well being. The concept of health assumes to be a typical example of this and hence, poses debate about what it is. â€Å"Health† is a word which means different things to different people (Ewles Simnett, 2003). This essay intends to critically discuss the meaning of health by exploring different definitions and their contraindications. Naidoo Read MoreHealth Is Not A Singular Concept Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesimpress the doctor by saying so, but the term â€Å"health† may contradict the stereotypical simple answer of eating fruit and vegetables and working out. In fact, doctors may even have the wrong impressions on health when giving their patients advice. Over three articles, different authors have shared their views on health, what it means, and how it affects our society. From these, I comprised my own definition for health. Health is not a singular concept. Rather, it affects an entire society, allowingRead MoreThe Concept of Health and Ilness960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holistic Approach: Biomedical and Psychosocial Environmental. The concept of health and illness being separated into two models provides indication into the two very different but integral paradigms of how to treat patients deemed as needing care. These two models (known as the Biomedical Model and the Psychosocial Environmental Model) classify diagnosis, treatment and care in different ways which some actually share the same purpose. It is important in today’s society to be open to both modelsRead MoreConcepts Of Health And Nursing1294 Words   |  6 Pages Compassion in Nursing NU 315 Concepts of Health Nursing Shelly Howell Compassion, or caring can be viewed as â€Å"nursing’s most precious asset† (Schantz, 2007), a fundamental element of nursing care (Dietze and Orb, 2000), and as one of the strengths of the profession. According to Torjuul et al (2007), it involves being close to patients and seeing their situation as more than a medical scenario and routine procedures. Compassion is to feel passion withRead MoreConcepts of Health Promotion1466 Words   |  6 PagesHealth is defined as a state in which human needs are met in an autonomic way, and is not limited to the absence of disease or disablement (V. Henderson). Optimal health is a lively, self-motivated equilibrium of physical, intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and social well-being. The concept of health promotion delineates the method of empowering people to increase control over, and to advance their own overall health. The main purpose of health promotion is to heightenRead MoreThe Epidemiological Concepts Of Health2310 Words   |  10 Pagesthe community in question to purchase health services. The measurement of health makes all nurse to have plan for the community services, without measurement of health one will not be able to provide health services to community in need. (MOHSW.1990). 1.4.5 Epidemiological Concepts The epidemiological concept is the logic of observation and the methods to quantify these observations in populations (group) of individuals. It includes for measuring the health of groups and for determining the attributesRead MoreHealth : A Dynamic Concept2431 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion 1 Health is a dynamic concept, and is constantly evolving and changing over time. It is widely recognised that there are five dimensions of health; physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual. These dimensions constantly interrelate and interact with one another to create an individual’s overall health status. This is no different in the case of Samantha. Each of the dimensions of health is closely linked, and aids in viewing her health on a holistic level. All five dimensions areRead MoreThe Concept Of Occupational Safety And Health Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The concept of Occupational Safety and Health was not known before the Nineteenth Century, it started at the western country. At first, it was more of concerns raised by the community, such as the children’s working in a cotton mills in the United Kingdom however, the police regulated some restrictions regarding the children and young people working hours. A further act later on included women as well in the working hour’s regulation, yet, there was not any formal legislation regardingRead MoreThe Concepts Of Public Health Nursing Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor will define the issue based on the concepts of public health nursing, identify the ethical principle that is related to it, describe both sides of the issue and choose one side, and suggest a call to action for the problem. According to Poon (2014) there are approximately 60,000 unaccompanied children who have crossed illegally into the U.S. The growing number of unaccompanied illegal children crossing the country produce various issues. The public health and the humanitarian issues are one ofRead MoreImplications Of Health Economic Concepts Of Health Care.1313 Words   |  6 PagesImplications of Health Economic Concepts of Health Care Healthcare is an industry that encompasses various factors to ensure that it’s operating efficiently. Health care professionals have an obligation to comprehend the role that health economics plays in regards to the demand and utilization of health care. The government plays an enormous part in areas such as financing and the delivery of care; therefore, the organization’s decision maker must learn the economic functions and its benefits to

Recent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket Equip

Lead effective workplace relationships Assessment Task 2: Project Part A Agenda Template To: ben@cricketequp.com.au ,sam@cricketequip.com.au, ruth@cricketequip.com.au From: ken@cricketeqip.com.au Subject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 20/03/16 Meeting topics to be discussed 1. Meeting opening and welcome 9.00am-9.30am 2. Current customer service complaints within Cricket Equip 10.30am -11.00am 3. Cricket Equip customer service standard and procedures 11.00am-11.30am 4. Recommendations for customers service and complaints and improvements 11.30- 12.00am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved 12.00aam-12.30am 6. Staff training needs of customer service 12.30am-1.00am 7. Meeting closure†¦show more content†¦in house training, coaching and mentoring, external training, etc. You should explore at least one external opportunity and construct an email that you might send to an external training provider seeking information about the training. Your email must be written clearly and respectfully. Include a copy of the email as an appendix to the one page report as indicated below. Range of opportunities for staff training (Students please selection 4 options from: Career planning Explanation Identify staff’s knowledge and skill expertise and providing the coaching to improve their knowledge for the purposes of advancement of their future career developments this will help the staff to handle all kind of situation Accredited and non-accredited- training Attend the formal training courses offered by the accredited training providers and gain the training certificates which is best for Carrere and future Buddy systems Staffs are paired up to improve their knowledge and help each other during the learning process which makes the activities and task eaiser Coaching Use questions and feedbacks to help learners learning process. It is a process to help staffs performance level and concentrate on the tasks outcome which is very important to know the rating of the work Mentoring Share information, experiences and give and receive advices and guidance.it is to create a positive influence on staffs professional work resulting from the relationship. An email toShow MoreRelatedRecent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket Equip Essay1966 Words   |  8 Pagescom.au; Subject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 22/10/16 Meeting topics to be discussed 1.10am – 10:10am: Meeting introduction and welcome. 2. 10:10am – 10:30am: Current customer service issues within Cricket Equip: †¢ It takes too much time to fix an issue. †¢ Promises that aren’t maintain (get up promising, lower delivering). †¢ Being behave towards rudely or with doubt. †¢ Being moved past and past from person to person, and having to duplicate the issue every time. †¢ HavingRead MoreRecent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket Equip1429 Words   |  6 PagesSubject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 15/10/2015 Meeting topics to be discussed: 1. Meeting opening and welcome. 900am - 920am 2. Current customer service complaints within Cricket Equip. 920am - 950am 3. Cricket Equip’s customer service standards and procedures. 950am - 1020am 4. Recommendations for customer service actions and improvement. 1020am - 1050am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved. 1050am - 1120am 6. Staff training needs of customer serviceRead MoreRecent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket1179 Words   |  5 PagesSubject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 18/05/2016 Meeting topics to be discussed: 1. Meeting introduction and welcome. 8Am – 8:10am 2. Current customer service issues within Cricket Equip. 8:10am – 8:50am 3. Cricket Equip’s customer service standards and requirements. 8:50Am – 9:30am 4. Recommendations for customer service improvement. 9:30am – 9:55am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved. 10Am – 10:20am 6. Staff training needs of customer service. 10:20amRead MoreCustomer Service Issues Within Cricket2343 Words   |  10 PagesMarketingDept@Cricketequip.com.au; Subject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 21/10/15 Meeting topics to be discussed: 1. Meeting introduction and welcome. 9.00 am – 9.10 am 2. Current customer service issues within Cricket Equip. 9.10 am – 9.45 am 3. Cricket Equip’s customer service standards and requirements. 9.45 am – 10.00 am 4. Recommendations for customer service improvement. 10.00 am – 10.30 am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved. 10.30 am – 11.00 amRead MoreOrganisation Structure Training8962 Words   |  36 Pagesaward Best market share of 61% Record 23% CSD’s growth. It has won numerous marketing excellence awards. Secret Formula: Reaching out to the customer + Developing excellent people + Supporting by the winning culture = Leadership in the marketing. 2 PROFILE OF THE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES: Brand name: Coca-Cola Product type: Soft drink Ticker Symbol: KO Stock Exchange: NYS Year of establishment: 1886 State of incorporation:Read MoreHrm Practices at Infosys14494 Words   |  58 Pagesdoor each evening. We have to make sure that they come back the next morning. (Narayana Murthy, CEO Infosys). Infosys technology, a leading software company based in India, was voted as the best employer in the country in many HR surveys in the recent years. The company is well known for its employee friendly HR practices. Though Infosys has grown to become a US $ 2 billion company by the year 2006, it has still retained the culture of a small company. Infosys attracts the best talent from acrossRead MoreHrm Practices at Infosys14505 Words   |  59 Pageseach evening. We have to make sure that they come back the next morning. (Narayana Murthy, CEO Infosys). Infosys technology, a leading software company based in India, was voted as the best employer in the country in many HR surveys in the recent years. The company is well known for its employee friendly HR practices. Though Infosys has grown to become a US $ 2 billion company by the year 2006, it has still retained the culture of a small company. Infosys attracts the best talent from acrossRead MoreIntroduction of Sahara India Pariwar16656 Words   |  67 Pagesbusiness conglomerate with interests in housing, entertainment, media and aviation. Sahara Group is in entertainment and news television channels, a newspaper, and claims to own some 33,000 acres of real estate across India. It also sponsors the Indian cricket and hockey teams and intends to move into life insurance, housing finance, consumer products, sportswear, and healthcare. Sahara Group has come up with one of the most prestigious real estate projects in India, namely Aamby Valley Project. The projectRead MoreAdidas Marke ting Plan20768 Words   |  84 Pages†©adidas†©is†©facing†©an†©array†©of†©opportunities†©that†©it†©can†©choose†©to†©capitalize†© on,†©which†©requires†©it†©to†©partially†©change†©its†©focus†©in†©order†©to†©seek†©out†©less†©established†© markets†©of†©consumers†©that†©have†©a†©huge†©potential†©for†©future†©growth,†©profits†©and†©customer†© loyalty.†©Adidas†©is†©also†©facing†©issues†©with†©the†©communication†©between†©its†©customers†©and†©the†© company,†©and†©how†©that†©affects†©sales†©volumes.†©If†©Adidas†©continues†©on†©its†©current†©path†©it†©will†© likely†©continue†©to†©survive†©in†©its†©market,†©but†©it†©will†©also†©continue†©to†©be†©wholly†©dominated†©by†© Nike.†©HoweverRead MoreCoca Cola Sabco12641 Words   |  51 Pagesthe conviction that business practices rooted in these universal principles contribute to a more stable, equitable and inclusive global market and help to build more prosperous and thriving societies. 2007 represented a year of considerable change within Coca-Cola Sabco (Pty) Ltd. We developed what we have termed The Created Future’ (page 04), which sets out some ambitious goals for the organisation to achieve by 2010. I am convinced that, as we achieve these goals, we will see increased contribution Recent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket Equip Agenda Template To: luke@Cricketequip.com.au; sam@Cricketequip.com.au; jennifer@Cricketequip.com.au; From: kelly@Cricketequip.com.au; Subject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 15/10/2015 Meeting topics to be discussed: 1. Meeting opening and welcome. 900am - 920am 2. Current customer service complaints within Cricket Equip. 920am - 950am 3. Cricket Equip’s customer service standards and procedures. 950am - 1020am 4. Recommendations for customer service actions and improvement. 1020am - 1050am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved. 1050am - 1120am 6. Staff training needs of customer service. 1120am - 1150am 7. Meeting closure and conclusion. 1150am - 1200am Part B Meeting purposes: To identify the reasons for the customer service complaints and find out the ways to improve its customer service standard and levels. Seek feedback on ideas and customer service training requirements: †¢ Listening and active listening: Cricket Equip’s staffs need to improve the required skills of active listening. This includes seeking information from what customers have informed, confirmed what they have informed and interpreting their requirements. †¢ asking questions to gain information, clarify ambiguities and adequately understand requirements: all the staffs should demonstrate the required skills to articulate, interpreting and checking with customers to understand what their needs, wants and expectations are. Meeting presentation: (Attached asShow MoreRelatedRecent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket Equip Essay1966 Words   |  8 Pagescom.au; Subject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 22/10/16 Meeting topics to be discussed 1.10am – 10:10am: Meeting introduction and welcome. 2. 10:10am – 10:30am: Current customer service issues within Cricket Equip: †¢ It takes too much time to fix an issue. †¢ Promises that aren’t maintain (get up promising, lower delivering). †¢ Being behave towards rudely or with doubt. †¢ Being moved past and past from person to person, and having to duplicate the issue every time. †¢ HavingRead MoreRecent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket Equip1345 Words   |  6 PagesFrom: ken@cricketeqip.com.au Subject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 20/03/16 Meeting topics to be discussed 1. Meeting opening and welcome 9.00am-9.30am 2. Current customer service complaints within Cricket Equip 10.30am -11.00am 3. Cricket Equip customer service standard and procedures 11.00am-11.30am 4. Recommendations for customers service and complaints and improvements 11.30- 12.00am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved 12.00aam-12.30am 6Read MoreRecent Customer Service Issues Within Cricket1179 Words   |  5 PagesSubject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 18/05/2016 Meeting topics to be discussed: 1. Meeting introduction and welcome. 8Am – 8:10am 2. Current customer service issues within Cricket Equip. 8:10am – 8:50am 3. Cricket Equip’s customer service standards and requirements. 8:50Am – 9:30am 4. Recommendations for customer service improvement. 9:30am – 9:55am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved. 10Am – 10:20am 6. Staff training needs of customer service. 10:20amRead MoreCustomer Service Issues Within Cricket2343 Words   |  10 PagesMarketingDept@Cricketequip.com.au; Subject: Recent customer service issues within Cricket Equip Date: 21/10/15 Meeting topics to be discussed: 1. Meeting introduction and welcome. 9.00 am – 9.10 am 2. Current customer service issues within Cricket Equip. 9.10 am – 9.45 am 3. Cricket Equip’s customer service standards and requirements. 9.45 am – 10.00 am 4. Recommendations for customer service improvement. 10.00 am – 10.30 am 5. Staff feedback on how customer service can be improved. 10.30 am – 11.00 amRead MoreOrganisation Structure Training8962 Words   |  36 Pagesaward Best market share of 61% Record 23% CSD’s growth. It has won numerous marketing excellence awards. Secret Formula: Reaching out to the customer + Developing excellent people + Supporting by the winning culture = Leadership in the marketing. 2 PROFILE OF THE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES: Brand name: Coca-Cola Product type: Soft drink Ticker Symbol: KO Stock Exchange: NYS Year of establishment: 1886 State of incorporation:Read MoreHrm Practices at Infosys14494 Words   |  58 Pagesdoor each evening. We have to make sure that they come back the next morning. (Narayana Murthy, CEO Infosys). Infosys technology, a leading software company based in India, was voted as the best employer in the country in many HR surveys in the recent years. The company is well known for its employee friendly HR practices. Though Infosys has grown to become a US $ 2 billion company by the year 2006, it has still retained the culture of a small company. Infosys attracts the best talent from acrossRead MoreHrm Practices at Infosys14505 Words   |  59 Pageseach evening. We have to make sure that they come back the next morning. (Narayana Murthy, CEO Infosys). Infosys technology, a leading software company based in India, was voted as the best employer in the country in many HR surveys in the recent years. The company is well known for its employee friendly HR practices. Though Infosys has grown to become a US $ 2 billion company by the year 2006, it has still retained the culture of a small company. Infosys attracts the best talent from acrossRead MoreIntroduction of Sahara India Pariwar16656 Words   |  67 Pagesbusiness conglomerate with interests in housing, entertainment, media and aviation. Sahara Group is in entertainment and news television channels, a newspaper, and claims to own some 33,000 acres of real estate across India. It also sponsors the Indian cricket and hockey teams and intends to move into life insurance, housing finance, consumer products, sportswear, and healthcare. Sahara Group has come up with one of the most prestigious real estate projects in India, namely Aamby Valley Project. The projectRead MoreAdidas Marke ting Plan20768 Words   |  84 Pages†©adidas†©is†©facing†©an†©array†©of†©opportunities†©that†©it†©can†©choose†©to†©capitalize†© on,†©which†©requires†©it†©to†©partially†©change†©its†©focus†©in†©order†©to†©seek†©out†©less†©established†© markets†©of†©consumers†©that†©have†©a†©huge†©potential†©for†©future†©growth,†©profits†©and†©customer†© loyalty.†©Adidas†©is†©also†©facing†©issues†©with†©the†©communication†©between†©its†©customers†©and†©the†© company,†©and†©how†©that†©affects†©sales†©volumes.†©If†©Adidas†©continues†©on†©its†©current†©path†©it†©will†© likely†©continue†©to†©survive†©in†©its†©market,†©but†©it†©will†©also†©continue†©to†©be†©wholly†©dominated†©by†© Nike.†©HoweverRead MoreCoca Cola Sabco12641 Words   |  51 Pagesthe conviction that business practices rooted in these universal principles contribute to a more stable, equitable and inclusive global market and help to build more prosperous and thriving societies. 2007 represented a year of considerable change within Coca-Cola Sabco (Pty) Ltd. We developed what we have termed The Created Future’ (page 04), which sets out some ambitious goals for the organisation to achieve by 2010. I am convinced that, as we achieve these goals, we will see increased contribution

Companies Act 2013 free essay sample

Introduction Companies Act, 2013 is an Act of the Parliament of India which regulates incorporation of a company, responsibilities of a company, directors, and dissolution of a company. The 2013 Act is divided into 29 chapters containing 470 clauses as against 658 Sections in the Companies Act, 1956. The Act has replaced The Companies Act, 1956 (in a partial manner) after receiving the assent of the President of India on 29 August 2013. The Act came into force on 12 September 2013 with only certain provisions of the Act notified. It consists of 29 Chapters , 470 Clauses (i. e Sections) and 7 Schedules. Background Companies Act, 2013 (2013 Act) has been assented by the President of India on 29 August 2013 and published in Official Gazette on 30 August 2013. 2013 Act empowers the Central Government to bring into force various sections from such date(s) as may be notified in the Official Gazette. The 2013 Act stipulates enhanced self-regulations coupled with emphasis on corporate democracy and provides for amongst others, business friendly corporate regulation / pro-business initiatives, e-governance initiatives, good corporate governance, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), enhanced disclosure norms, enhanced accountability of management, stricter enforcement, audit accountability, protection for minority shareholders, investor protection and activism and better framework for insolvency regulation and institutional structure. Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), Government of India (GOI) has initiated the process to implement 2013 Act in consultation with concerned regulatory authorities, Ministry of Law Justice and other stakeholders. In this regard, first set of draft rules have been placed for public comments on 9 September 2013. GOI decided to enforce the provisions of 2013 Act in phases. The provisions of the 2013 Act which require statutory or regulatory consultation or functioning of new bodies or description of relevant rules and forms will be brought in force after the preparatory action is completed. Keeping this in mind, GOI has notified those provisions of 2013 Act which do not require such preparations. Accordingly, GOI has notified 98 sections of 2013 Act which will come into force effective 12 September 2013. This document is prepared keeping the provisions of the 2013 Act and does not capture provisions of the Rules as the same are in Draft stage and are subject to change once the feedback of the stakeholders is received by MCA and incorporated in the final Rules. Prescribed or as prescribed or as may be prescribed used in this document means the Rules as may be finalized by the CG. Content Chapter I -Preliminary (1 2) Chapter II -Incorporation of Company and Matters Incidental Thereto. Chapter III -Prospectus and Allotment of Securities (23 42). Chapter IV -Share Capital and Debentures (43 72). Chapter V -Acceptance of Deposits by Companies (73 76). Chapter VI -Registration of Charges (77 87) Chapter VII -Management and Administration (88 122) Chapter VIII -Declaration and Payment of Dividend (123 127) Chapter IX -Accounts of Companies (128 138) Chapter X -Audit and Auditors (139 148) Chapter XI -Appointment and Qualifications of Directors (149 172) Chapter XII -Meetings of Board and its Powers (173 195) Chapter XIII-Appointment and Remuneration of Managerial Personnel(196-205) Chapter XIV -Inspection, Inquiry and Investigation(206 229) Chapter XV -Compromises, Arrangements and Amalgamations (230 240) Chapter XVI-Prevention of Oppression and Mismanagement (241 246) Chapter XVII-Registered Valuers (247) Chapter XVIII-Removal of Name of companies from the Register of Companies(248-252 Chapter XIX-Revival and Rehabilitation of Sick Companies (253 269) Chapter XX-Winding Up (270 365) Chapter XXI Companies Authorised to Register Under This Act Winding up of unregistered companies(366-378) Chapter XXII-Companies Incorporated Outside India (379- 393) Chapter XXIII-Government Companies (394 395) Chapter XXIV-Registration offices and fees (396 404) Chapter XXV-Companies to Furnish Information or Statistics (405) Chapter XXVI-Nidhis (406) Chapter XXVII-National Company Law Tribunal and Appellate Tribunal (407-434) Chapter XXVIII- Special Courts (435 446) Chapter XXIX Miscellaneous (447 470) Background 2003 (Bill was introduced in 2003 by MCA in Rajya Sabha on 07. 05. 2003. For want of large number of changes comprehensive review required) 2004 (Concept Paper on new company law was placed on ministry’s website. Government constituted JJ Irani Committee which gave report on 31. 05. 2005. Comprehensive review required) 2008 (Companies bill’2008 introduced but lapse due to Lok Sabha Dissolution) 2009 Bill was introduced in Lok Sabha and referred to Parliamentary Standing Committee. In view of numerous amendments Govt. withdrew this bill and introduced Cos. Bill ‘2011. This is the bill was introduced in Dec’2011 and passed in 2012. Reasons for the change The changing national and international economic environment. Exponential growth of the Indian economy. Changes in the stakeholders’ expectations. Manifold Increase in Number of Companies. Year No. of Companies 1956 30,000 approx 2013 11, 00,000 approx The need of a legal framework was felt to enable the Indian corporate sector to adopt the best international practices in a globally competitive manner, fostering a positive environment for investment and growth. Companies Bill 2012 was passed by Lok Sabha on 18th December, 2012 and subsequently, was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 8th August, 2013. The bill comprises of 29 chapters, 470 Clauses with 7 Schedules as against 658 sections and 14 Schedules in the Companies Act, 1956. Substantively a law based on Rules (as may be prescribed). In 470 Clauses the word â€Å"as may be prescribed† has been used at around 336 places. New Concepts Private company to have a maximum of 200 members (earlier limit was up to 50). (Clause 2 (68)) E-Governance – maintenance and allowing inspection of documents by companies in electronic form. (Clause 120) Vigil mechanism (whistle blowing) introduced. (Clause 177 (10)) In prescribed class or classes of companies, there should be at least 1 woman director. (Clause 149 (1)) Restrictions on layers of subsidiaries. (Clause 2 (87)) The Financial Year of any Company can be only from April-March. Existing companies has to align within 2 years of the commencement of the Act. (Clause 2 (41)) Memorandum not to have ‘other objects’. (Clause 4 (1)) A person cannot become director in more than 20 companies instead of 15 as provided in the Companies Act 1956 and out of this 20, he cannot be director of more than 10 public companies. (Clause 165) Shareholders to have exit option if money raised has not been utilized. (Clause 27) A company can make buyback even if it had at any time defaulted in repayment of deposit or interest payable thereon, redemption of debentures or preference shares or payment of dividend to any shareholder or repayment of any term loan or interest payable thereon to any financial institution or bank, provided that default must have been remedied and a period of 3 years must have lapsed after such default ceased to subsist. (Clause 66 (6)) Concept of CSR introduced. (Clause 135) Definition of independent Directors introduced. (Clause 149 (5)) Condition and manner for issue of Bonus shares has been introduced. (Clause 63) New provisions suggested for allowing re-opening of accounts in certain cases with due safeguards. (Clause 130) Consolidation of Accounts (Clause 129) Secretarial Audit Report given by a company secretary in practice is required to be attached with Boards’ report in case of bigger companies. (Clause 204) Key definitions and concepts The 2013 Act has introduced several new concepts and has also tried to streamline many of the requirements by introducing new definitions. This chapter covers some of these new concepts and definitions in brief. A few of these significant aspects have been discussed in detail in further chapters. 1. Companies 1. 1 One-person company: The 2013 Act introduces a new type of entity to the existing list i. e. apart from forming a public or private limited company, the 2013 Act enables the formation of a new entity a ‘one-person company’ (OPC). An OPC means a company with only one person as its member [section 3(1) of 2013 Act]. 1. 2. Private company: The 2013 Act introduces a change in the definition for a private company, inter-alia, the new requirement increases the limit of the number of members from 50 to 200. [Section 2(68) of 2013 Act]. 1. 3. Small company: A small company has been defined as a company, other than a public company. (i) Paid-up share capital of which does not exceed 50 lakh INR or such higher amount as may be prescribed which shall not be more than five crore INR (ii) Turnover of which as per its last profit-and-loss account does not exceed two crore INR or such higher amount as may be prescribed which shall not be more than 20 crore INR: As set out in the 2013 Act, this section will not be applicable to the following: †¢ A holding company or a subsidiary company †¢ A company registered under section 8 †¢ A company or body corporate governed by any special Act [section 2(85) of 2013 Act] 1. 4. Dormant company: The 2013 Act states that a company can be classified as dormant when it is formed and registered under this 2013 Act for a future project or to hold an asset or intellectual property and has no significant accounting transaction. Such a company or an inactive one may apply to the ROC in such manner as may be prescribed for obtaining the status of a dormant company. [Section 455 of 2013 Act] 2. Roles and responsibilities 2. 1 Officer: The definition of officer has been extended to include promoters and key managerial personnel [section 2(59) of 2013 Act]. 2. 2 Key managerial personnel: The term ‘key managerial personnel’ has been defined in the 2013 Act and has been used in several sections, thus expanding the scope of persons covered by such sections [section 2(51) of 2013 Act]. 2. 3. Promoter: The term ‘promoter’ has been defined in the following ways:†¢ A person who has been named as such in a prospectus or is identified by the company in the annual return referred to in Section 92 of 2013 Act that deals with annual return; or †¢ who has control over the affairs of the company, directly or indirectly whether as a shareholder, director or otherwise; or †¢ in accordance with whose advice, directions or instructions the Board of Directors of the company is accustomed to act. The proviso to this section states that sub-section (c) would not apply to a person who is acting merely in a professional capacity. [Section 2(69) of 2013 Act] 2. 4: Independent Director: The term’ Independent Director’ has now been defined in the 2013 Act, along with several new requirements relating to their appointment, role and responsibilities. Further some of these requirements are not in line with the corresponding requirements under the equity listing agreement [section 2(47), 49(5) of 2013 Act]. 3. Investments 3. 1 Subsidiary: The definition of subsidiary as included in the 2013 Act states that certain class or classes of holding company (as may be prescribed) shall not have layers of subsidiaries beyond such numbers as may be prescribed. With such a restrictive section, it appears that a holding company will no longer be able to hold subsidiaries beyond a specified number [section 2(87) of 2013 Act]. 4. Financial statements 4. 1. Financial year: It has been defined as the period ending on the 31st day of March every year, and where it has been incorporated on or after the 1st day of January of a, the period ending on the 31st day of March of the following year, in respect whereof financial statement of the company or body corporate is made up. [Section 2(41) of 2013 Act]. While there are certain exceptions included, this section mandates a uniform accounting year for all companies and may create significant implementation issues. 4. 2. Consolidated financial statements: The 2013 Act now mandates consolidated financial statements (CFS) for any company having a subsidiary or an associate or a joint venture, to prepare and present consolidated financial statements in addition to standalone financial statements. 4. 3. Conflicting definitions: There are several definitions in the 2013 Act divergent from those used in the notified accounting standards, such as a joint venture or an associate,, etc. , which may lead to hardships in compliance. 5. Audit and auditors 5. 1 Mandatory auditor rotation and joint auditors: The 2013 Act now mandates the rotation of auditors after the specified time period. The 2013 Act also includes an enabling provision for joint audits. 5. 2 Non-audit services: The 2013 Act now states that any services to be rendered by the auditor should be approved by the board of directors or the audit committee. Additionally, the auditor is also restricted from providing certain specific services. 5. 3. Auditing standards: The Standards on Auditing have been accorded legal sanctity in the 2013 Act and would be subject to notification by the NFRA. Auditors are now mandatorily bound by the 2013 Act to ensure compliance with Standards on Auditing. 5. 4 Cognisance to Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS): The 2013 Act, in several sections, has given cognisance to the Indian Accounting Standards, which are standards converged with International Financial Reporting Standards, in view of their becoming applicable in future. For example, the definition of a financial statement includes a ‘statement of changes in equity’ which would be required under Ind AS. [Section 2(40) of 2013 Act] 5. 5. Secretarial audit for bigger companies: In respect of listed companies and other class of companies as may be prescribed, the 2013 Act provides for a mandatory requirement to have secretarial audit. The draft rules make it applicable to every public company with paid-up share capital Rs. 100 crores*. As specified in the 2013 Act, such companies would be required to annex a secretarial audit report given by a Company Secretary in practice with its Board’s report. [Section 204 of 2013 Act] 5. 6. Secretarial Standards: The 2013 Act requires every company to observe secretarial standards specified by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India with respect to general and board meetings [Section 118 (10) of 2013 Act], which were hitherto not given cognizance under the 1956 Act. 5. 7. Internal Audit: The importance of internal audit has been well acknowledged in Companies (Auditor Report) Order, 2003 (the ‘Order’), pursuant to which auditor of a company is required to comment on the fact that the internal audit system of the company is commensurate with the nature and size of the company’s operations. However, the Order did not mandate that an internal audit should be conducted by the internal auditor of the company. The Order acknowledged that an internal audit can be conducted by an individual who is not in appointment by the company. The 2013 Act now moves a step forward and mandates the appointment of an internal auditor who shall either be a chartered accountant or a cost accountant, or such other professional as may be decided by the Board to conduct internal audit of the functions and activities of the company. The class or classes of companies which shall be required to mandatorily appoint an internal auditor as per the draft rules are as follows: * †¢ Every listed company †¢ Every public company having paid-up share capital of more than 10 crore INR †¢ Every other public company which has any outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions more than 25 crore INR or which has accepted deposits of more than 25 crore INR at any point of time during the last financial year 5. 8. Audit of items of cost: The central government may, by order, in respect of such class of companies engaged in the production of such goods or providing such services as may be prescribed, direct that particulars relating to the utilisation of material or labour or to other items of cost as may be prescribed shall also be included in the books of account kept by that class of companies. By virtue of this section of the 2013 Act, the cost audit would be mandated for certain companies. [section 148 of 2013 Act]. It is pertinent to note that similar requirements have recently been notified by the central government. 6. Regulators 6. 1. National Company Law Tribunal (Tribunal or NCLT): In accordance with the Supreme Court’s (SC) judgement, on 11 May 2010, on the composition and constitution of the Tribunal, modifications relating to qualification and experience, etc. of the members of the Tribunal has been made. Appeals from the Tribunal shall lie with the NCLT. Chapter XXVII of the 2013 Act consisting of section 407 to 434 deals with NCLT and appellate Tribunal. 6. 2. National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA): The 2013 Act requires the constitution of NFRA, which has been bestowed with significant powers not only in issuing the authoritative pronouncements, but also in regulating the audit profession. 6. 3. Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO): The 2013 Act has bestowed legal status to SFIO. 7. Mergers and acquisitions The 2013 Act has streamlined as well as introduced concepts such as reverse mergers (merger of foreign companies with Indian companies) and squeeze-out provisions, which are significant. The 2013 Act has also introduced the requirement for valuations in several cases, including mergers and acquisitions, by registered valuers. 8. Corporate social responsibility The 2013 Act makes an effort to introduce the culture of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Indian corporates by requiring companies to formulate a corporate social responsibility policy and at least incur a given minimum expenditure on social activities. 9. Class action suits The 2013 Act introduces a new concept of class action suits which can be initiated by shareholders against the company and auditors. 10. Prohibition of association or partnership of persons exceeding certain number The 2013 Act puts a restriction on the number of partners that can be admitted to a partnership at 100. To be specific, the 2013 Act states that no association or partnership consisting of more than the given number of persons as may be prescribed shall be formed for the purpose of carrying on any business that has for its object the acquisition of gain by the association or partnership or by the individual members thereof, unless it is registered as a company under this 1956 Act or is formed under any other law for the time being in force: As an exception, the aforesaid restriction would not apply to the following: †¢ A Hindu undivided family carrying on any business †¢ An association or partnership, if it is formed by professionals who are governed by special acts like the Chartered Accountants Act, etc. [section 464 of 2013 Act] 11. Power to remove difficulties The central government will have the power to exempt or modify provisions of the 2013 Act for a class or classes of companies in public interest. Relevant notification shall be required to be laid in draft form in Parliament for a period of 30 days. The 2013 Act further states no such order shall be made after the expiry of a period of five years from the date of commencement of section 1 of the 2013 Act [section 470 of 2013 Act]. 12. Insider trading and prohibition on forward dealings The 2013 Act for the first time defines ‘insider trading and price-sensitive information and prohibits any person including the director or key managerial person from entering into insider trading [section 195 of 2013 Act]. Further, the Act also prohibits directors and key managerial personnel from forward dealings in the company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company [section 194 of 2013 Act]. Corporate Social Responsibility The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) had introduced the Corporate Social Responsibility Voluntary Guidelines in 2009. These guidelines have now been incorporated within the 2013 Act and have obtained legal sanctity. Section 135 of the 2013 Act, seeks to provide that every company having a net worth of 500 crore INR, or more or a turnover of 1000 crore INR or more, or a net profit of five crore INR or more, during any financial year shall constitute the corporate social responsibility committee of the board. This committee needs to comprise of three or more directors, out of which, at least one director should be an independent director. The composition of the committee shall be included in the board’s report. The committee shall formulate the policy, including activities specified in Schedule VII, which are as follows: †¢ Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty and promotion of education †¢ Promoting gender equality and empowering women †¢ Reducing child mortality and improving maternal health †¢ Combating human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, malaria and other diseases and ensuring environmental sustainability †¢ Employment enhancing vocational skills and social business projects †¢ Contribution to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund or any other fund set-up by the central government or the state governments for socio-economic development and relief, and funds for the welfare of the scheduled castes and Tribes, other backward classes, minorities and women There have been mixed reactions to the introduction of the ‘spend or explain’ approach taken by the MCA with respect to CSR. It may take a while before all of Corporate India imbibes CSR as a culture. However, activities specified in the Schedule are not elaborate or detailed enough to indicate the kind of projects that could be undertaken, for example, environment sustainability or social business projects could encompass a wide range of activities. The committee will also need to recommend the amount of expenditure to be incurred and monitor the policy from a time-to-time. The board shall disclose the contents of the policy in its report, and place it on the website, if any, of the company. The 2013 Act mandates that these companies would be required to spend at least 2% of the average net-profits of the immediately preceding three years on CSR activities, and if not spent, explanation for the reasons thereof would need to be given in the director’s report(section 135 of the 2013 Act). Conclusion The 2013 Act is expected to facilitate business-friendly corporate regulation, improve corporate governance norms, enhance accountability on the part of corporate and auditors, raise levels of transparency and protect interests of investors, particularly small investors. It has brought on many new concepts and it will be helpful as the old companies act was not up to date with the new competitive world as it was made many years ago. So it would be helpful for growth of companies in India.

War And Peace Essay Thesis Example For Students

War And Peace Essay Thesis War and PeaceThe famous Russian author Leo Tolstoy wrote War and Peace in 1865. It is a story about the lives of the Russian royal family from 1805 to 1815. This book depicts things and events that happened during the war. The novel describes the war with Napoleon in which many countries were involved such as Russia, Austrian, Prussia, Spain, Sweden, and Britain. However, the novel mainly focuses on Russia. It reflects the different views and participation in the war of Russian aristocracy. Showing the war, Tolstoy describes Napoleons attack on Russia, the battle of Borodino, the slow retrieval of the Russian army, the conquest of Moscow by Napoleon, the fire in Moscow, and the retrieval of Napoleons army during a deadly winter. Napoleon had to retreat from Russia under attacks by Russian peasants and horsemen on those who fell behind. His army also suffers from cold and hunger, since the Russians destroyed all food supplies. The takeover of Moscow by Napoleon proved to be useless, a nd in the long run, destroyed a large part of his army. Alongside with these historical events, Tolstoy describes the different classes of Russian society in the terms of their participation in the war and what kind of an impact war had on their lives. In the beginning of the novel, the Russian aristocratic class, which was in the czars circle, wanted Russia to participate in the war. They wanted a quick victory and pride for the Russian nobility. They did not anticipate that the war would destroy homes, agriculture, and take many Russian lives. There are the good people, and of course, the bad. The good people being Natasha Rostov, a teenage girl who grows and matures throughout the book and Pierre Bezuhov, the son of Kirill Vladmirovitch Bezuhov, who speaks much of the novel expressing his purpose on earth. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, the leader of the Bolkonsky family and a great war hero. The bad people are the protagonists themselves, as they torment themselves and Napoleon Bonaparte, (who, by some, is believed to be an impostor) the em peror and military leader of France, whom is bent on world domination. The Secondary characters are the families of Bolkonsky and Kuragin, Anna Pavolvna, a famous St. Petersburg socialite and Kutuzof, the military leader of the Russian forces. This class is shown in Anna Pavlova Sharers salon, with its upper class aristocracy, who talk only in French, viewing the Russian language as uncivilized and useful only for peasants. They adopted French culture and wear French style clothing, and at the same time they want to fight Napoleon. However, the majority of this class doesnt want to participate themselves in the war, but want to win the war with the hands of the peasants. These aristocrats, despite their high education and power, will do nothing to help win the war. They live like parasites on the body of Russias society. This is how Tolstoy describes this class in general, but he also depicts two representatives of this upper class, Andrew Bolkonsky and Pierre Bisuhov, who were the more intellectual ones, and whose lives and views of war and life changed as the result of the war. Depicting the Rostov family, who were also wealthy nobles, but were not in the czars circle and lived in rural parts of Russia, Tolstoy showed a typical Russian family who were devoted to their country and Russian traditions. All of Tolstoys sympathy is on their side and he presents them in a positive way. They sing Russian folklore, which the higher aristocrats would not dream of doing. Depicting this class, Tolstoy describes simple and eternal problems such as birth, love, forgiveness, and death. .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .postImageUrl , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:hover , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:visited , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:active { border:0!important; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:active , .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4 .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u283ee8fd853b206d3683d84987cf1bc4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Life of Amadeo Avogadro EssayThe main national characteristics are in the Russian peasants. Through these people, who hate war, we are shown that they are forced to participate in the war because the have no other choice. They show real heroism during war. Captain Tushin and a soldier, Timohin, give their lives to save their army. Historical figures such as Napoleon and Kutuzov oppose the views of the aristocratic class in the czars circle. This class of people didnt like Kutuzov, who became the general of the Russian army. They thought he was too simple minded and his lifestyle was too close to that of a peasant. War hurt these people the most. They lost everything: h oses, livestock, and serfs. The loss of their serfs was very hard to come by, since they became very close to them. The women from this class served in hospitals and became nurses, like Natasha Rostova did, or hid wounded soldiers in their house from the French army. Men from this class organized their own little armies of peasants and fought with guerilla warfare when the French army was retreating. These people played a bigger role in war and were more devoted to their nation than the aristocrats in the czars circle. Despite Tolstoy being a member of this class, his view is totally the opposite; he hated Napoleon and admired Kutuzov. He reflects the simple life of Kutuzovs soldiers, who trusted their lives to him. The Russian people believed in Kutuzov, and because of his strategic tactics such as giving up Moscow in order to save the Russian army, helped Russia become victorious in the war and leave Napoleon empty handed. Tolstoy hated Napoleon because he felt that it was wrong what Napoleon did 1799 in Turkey; killing 4000 people that surrendered and were promised life by him. Tolstoy also describes a moment when Napoleon left his army to die and took just a small part of the army to retreat from Moscow. One important event occurs when Prince Andrei is wounded during the battle of Austerlitz, and he is given a chance to recollect on his wartime experiences. Another important event occurs when Pierre is taken prisoner by the French, (this is where he has the chance to look into his feelings and come to a peace with himself.) The climax of Pierres story occurs when the French holds him before a firing squad. This is his climax because he is convinced that he is going to die, and after he is spared he becomes more caring and it is obvious that he will continue on this course until the end. The climax of Natashas life occurs when Andrei dies. It makes her reconsider the way she has lived her life, maturing her further from her seventeen year-old state of mind. The climax for Andrei occurs when he is mortally wounded while attempting to protect Moscow from Napoleons forces. This is his climax because his outlook on life becomes so negative and morbid that he can only wait to die. It is obvious that he wont have it any other way. The story ends with the defeat and exile of Napoleon and the emergence of Russia as a world power: and the meeting of Natasha and Pierre after years of absence. The historical events of the novel were real, and the characters reflected the people of th at time. Tolstoy brought forward the main social ideals of his time: the 3 major classes of society, and their references to the war with Napoleon, women emancipation, and view of society to historical figures such as Napoleon and Kutuzov. Tolstoy doesnt hide his negative feelings to the social class that belonged in the czars circle, and likes the lower classes. He is fascinated by the courage and deep patriotism of the Russian peasants. He also hates war, because it destroys and changes lives. .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .postImageUrl , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:hover , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:visited , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:active { border:0!important; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:active , .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f01b632fbfc508f27ebd82f31d79bfc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lifestyles Comparising Essay